                11.      -    ,
                                   


                ⮩      ᬮਬ  ⥫  ।⢠,
         ।⠢塞  IBM/PC,     ᫮, 㣨
          ᫮,   ᫮   ⠪    ⠪,  ⮡
                 ।  ᠬ⥫ .
           ᬮਬ ன⢮  ,  ᨭ஭  
         裡,  䥩  ⥫    ⭮ ⭮ ,
             ᢥ  ⥬ BIOS  .

              11.1. ᨭ஭  裡

              ᨭ஭  裡   IBM/PC    
         譨  ஬    ⠭⭮ ⮤, ⭮ 
          RS-232.  ᮭ     RS-232
         筮 ᯮ   楫.
              ࢠ  楫  ᯮ짮 RS-232 ᮡ⢥  裡,
          ⥫䮭 .  ⮬  RS-232 砥  
            (   -),    믮
         ८ࠧ  ᨣ      ⥫䮭  ᨣ.
         ,    ᢮  ।, 砥  ⥫䮭 . 
         㣮    室  㣮  ,  
             祭   祬-.     
         㣮,  㭨ᠫ쭮   㣮 ᮭ쭮
             -  ⮣  ன⢠, ਬ,
         ன⢠ . , 㦭 ᪠,    ଠ
         ᯮ짮  裡.
              㣮  ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮  RS-232 ⥫쭮 .
          ன⢠  뢮  ࠧࠡ⠭    ᮮ⢥⢨  
         ⮪   ⢨   RS-232.        
         ⭮    ன⢠   ,   ᮡ   ᨬ
         ன⢠.     ࠧ,    裡  IBM/PC  
         ᯮ짮     ⢥  ⥫쭮  ।⢠
         ⢨      ਩  㤮,  ⠪  
         ன⢮ .
               讥 㯫  ᬮਬ   ᭮
         ᯮᮡ  ⢨ ᮭ ஢,  ⮬ ᫥
         IBM/PC,  ਩ 㤮.   ᯮᮡ  ⪮
         뢠  ᫥⥫    ࠫ.  ⮪ RS-232
          "᫥⥫", ᪮   ।  
                   뫠 ᫥⥫쭮, 
         .   ࠫ쭠      ॠ        奬
         ⢨,          ன
           "業஭",  稫    ࠫ쭮
         䥩  ⨯  "஭"  ,    ⪮,  
         ࠫ쭮  䥩.    ࠫ쭮  ⢨
           । ⭮   䥩 砥 ⮫쪮
          裡, ᪮쪮 室 ⮡ ।   
         ६.
              ࠫ 䥩 ᯮᮡ  ।⢥
         裡   譨 ன⢠,    ⭮,  
             ।  ॥,  ᪮   横
         ।  뫠   ࠧ   楫   .   ࠫ
         䥩   ⨯   "業஭"   ᯮ      ⢥
         ⠭⭮  裡  ன⢮      IBM/PC.
         ᫥⥫  䥩  ࠡ⠥  ,  , 
               ᯥ樠   ⥩       ࣠樨
         ⢨  㤠묨 ꥪ⠬.    
         㦭      쭮    ᯮ짮    ᫥⥫쭮
         䥩,   ⢨  ன⢮ . ,
            㤮 ᯮᮡ ࣠樨 裡  
         ஬    ன⢮ ,  ⭮,   ⮬
           ᮭ  ।饣    
          ࠫ쭮 䥩.
              ⢫   裡      㤠   ⮬  
          祭 ᫮ 祩, ᪮    
         ⢮    ࠧ    ,    ॡ    ஫
         ᫥ 訡  室 ࠡ    ࠧࠧ
         㤮,   祭     .  ,  㦥
         楤, 室騥  ⥬ BIOS  IBM/PC    㦨
          RS-232 筮   㤮  ᯮ짮.
               ᥣ  㦥 楤  裡  
          뢠     뢠  20,  ⭠筮
         祭  14:  ॣ  DX  ᯮ    㪠 ⮣,
           裡   ᯮ짮, ᫨    
         ;  㫥  祭  ᮮ⢥ ࢮ (, 筮,
         ⢥) . ணࠬ 11-101  11-102,  室騥
           ᪮  ,  ਫ騩    ⮩  ,  ᮤন
         ᥬ  䥩   ணࠬ      ᯮ⥫
         ணࠬ        ᪠,    騥      
         ᯮ짮 ᥬ 楤ࠬ 裡 ⥬ BIOS  .
              ࢠ  楤,      0,  ⠭   
         ⠭   ࠬ   裡:  ᪮  ।,  ᯮᮡ
         ஫   ,  ⢮  ⮯  ⮢    
         ᫮.    ࠬ   ࠧ ਠ樨 ࣠樨
         裡. IBM/PC  ᯮ짮 ᠬ ࠧ  ⠭
           筮  祭 । ⥬ 㤮,
         ஥ 室  㣮      裡.    
         ६ 롨  ॣ AL ᫥騬 ࠧ:
                      ᪮  ।    
         ᥪ㭤. ᥬ    祭  ᮮ⢥  쭮
         訬  ᪮  ।,    ᮭ  
           ᯮ  ᪮ - 300    1200    
         ᥪ㭤.  ਢ   ᮮ⢥騥  祭:

                              । (  ᥪ㭤)
              ---            ----------------------------------------
              000                 110
              001                 150
              010                 300 (ਬ୮ 30 ᨬ  ᥪ㭤)
              011                 600
              100                1200 (ਬ୮ 120 ᨬ  ᥪ㭤)
              101                2400
              110                4800
              111                9600

              (প  ࣠樨  裡  -  室  ।
         ⮢      ⮯  ⮢ - 㢥稢 ᫮ ⮢,
         室  । ᨬ.  ⮬  ᪮  ।
         300    ᥪ㭤  । ਬ୮ 30 ᨬ 
         ᥪ㭤,    ᨬ  ASCII ᥣ 7  8 ).
              騥   । ᯮᮡ ஫  :

                             ᮡ ஫
              ---            --------------------------
              00                 
              01                 ஫  ⭮
              10                 
              11                 ஫  ⭮

              騩    㪠뢠  ᫮  ᯮ㥬   ⮯
         ⮢,  易⥫쭮  ⮪ RS-232:

                          ᫮ ⮯ ⮢
              ---            ---------------------
               0                       1
               1                       2

              ᫥           ࠬ   ।   
         ᯮ㥬 ᫮:

                                          ᫮
              ---            ------------------------------------------
              10             7  (⠭  ASCII)
              11             8  (筠  ᫮  ஢)

                ࠢ,  롮   ࠬ஢  ந 
         ।  ࠪ⨪  ⥬    㤮,  
         묨  뢠.
                楤   裡,   1, ᯮ 
         뫪   .   㦠  ॣ
         AL  ᨣ 襭 頥  ॣ AH. ᫨ ठ
         訫 㤠筮,          ॣ  AH  㤥
         ⠭    ,   祭 ⠫ ᥬ  㤥 
         ⮬ 砥 ⠪ ,  ᠭ   楤  
         3.    ࠧ, ࠢ ᮤন ॣ AH  ᫮
         128  । ᯥ譮  稫  ।.  
         筮,  䥩᭠  楤,  室   ਫ騩 
         ⮩   ,  쬥    ᥡ        
         ஡.
                楤   裡,   2, ᯮ 
         ਥ    裡.  楤   襭
         樨  (஥     㦥 訡 
         ᫮ ⠩-).
               楤  ᮤন        ⢥
         訡    室  ᨨ ⥬ BIOS-; ᫨  BIOS
         ஢ 24.04.1981,    ᮮ饭  ⠩- 訡筮
         ।    ᮮ饭    訡     묨,
         ⮢묨  ਥ. । ᢮  BIOS     
           ⫠稪  -DEBUG.  ᫨  맢  DEBUG   
         :

              D F000:FFF5 L8

          㤥 ⮡ࠦ  ᮧ ᨨ BIOS.   ஡
         訡 ࢮ ᨨ ⥬ BIOS ᬮ७   6.
              ᫨    ਥ  稫  ᯥ譮,  ॣ AH
         㤥 㫥.  ⨢ 砥,    ࢮ 
         ॣ   AH            4-    7-,  
         뢠 .
              ᫥  楤,       3,   ᯮ   
         ।  ⥪饣 ﭨ  裡 ( ॣ
         AH)      (  ॣ  AL).    ⮩  ଠ樨
         ᮮ頥    믮 楤   1  2. 
         AH  AL ⠭ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                                       祭
              -------     ---      -----------------------------------

              AH         1-      ⠩- (஬ BIOS ᨨ 24.4.81)
              AH         2-      ᤢ ॣ । 
              AH         3-       ॣ । 
              AH         4-      㦥 ࠧ 裡
              AH         5-      訡   ࠬ
              AH         6-      訡   (BIOS ᨨ
                                   24.4.81 ⠭  砥
                                   ⠩-)
              AH         7-      
              AH         8-       ⮢ (BIOS ᨨ 24.4.81
                                   ⠭  砥 ⠩-)
              AL         1-       ᨣ  
              AL         2-       맮
              AL         3-       ⮢
              AL         4-      ᨣ ⡮ 뫪
              AL         5-        -  ᨣ 
                                   ਥ
              AL         6-        ஭ ᨣ 맮
              AL         7-        -  
              AL         8-      ᨣ ⡮  -饩

               ਢ  ଠ ।祭    ⮣,
         ⮡      ᯥ樠     ⥫㭨樨  
         ணࠬ஢  IBM/PC.

              11.2.  ன⢠ 

              ⥬  BIOS-  砥   楤   প   
         ࠫ쭮        ன⢠    .   (
         ࠫ    ᫥⥫  ஢   ᬮ७   
         ।饬   ࠧ).    楤  ,  祬  楤
         㦨 裡, ᪮   ᠬ  ன⢮  .
           ᥣ    楤  ᯮ ⮫쪮  
         ﭨ.
                㯠     ⨬   ६   楤ࠬ   ᯮ
         뢠  23,  ⭠筮  祭  17.    DX
         㪠뢠     㪠   ⮣,         
         ᯮ짮,        祬  ;  砥
          ( 筮 ⢥)  .  ணࠬ  11-101  
         11-102  ᪮ , ਫ饬  ⮩ , 
         䥩  ணࠬ    ᥬ    ᯮ⥫
         楤      ᪠,   室        
         ᯮ짮  㦥 楤 ⥬ BIOS.
                ⥫ 訡  室  ᨨ  ⥬
         BIOS-  ᠥ    ࠧ  㦨  ன⢠ .
             ॢ  ࠭   뫠   ⠭⭮
         ன      "ᮭ",  ⥬  BIOS  ⢮ 
         믮  ⮩  樨  ᪮쪮     ६,   祬
         䠪᪨    ॡ  ன.  ந室 
          ,   ॢ ࠭  뤠  
         孥    ன  ࠭.      BIOS ᫥
         24.4.1981  ६ 㢥祭.
              ࢠ 楤   0,  ᯮ    뫪
           ன .  楤 祭   
           祣 ᮮ.
               楤      1,  ᯮ    
         ன⢠     ।  ﭨ.  楤
           ᯮ짮    ॢ   ன⢠      
         ଠ쭮   ﭨ   ᫥   ⮣      뫨  ᫠
         -  ᯥ樠     ࠢ.   ଠ   
         ﭨ   頥     ॣ  AH,祬    
         ᫥騥 祭:

                           祭
              ---          ------------------------
              1-         ன⢮  
              2-         ᨣ ⢥ত
              3-         ᨣ ⢨ 㬠
              4-         ᨣ 롮ન
              5-         ᨣ 訡 뢮
              6-,7-     ᯮ
              8-         ᨣ ⠩- ( BIOS ᨨ 24.4.1981
                               ॢ)

                ᫥ 楤   2  ᯮ  
         ⥭ ⮢ ﭨ, ᠭ ,  믮 .
           楤  ᮡ       ணࠬ   ࠢ
         ன⢮ .
                  ,  㦭 뫮᪠  ன⢥ .
           ᫨誮 ᫮ ன⢮ ,  ᮮ⢥⢥,  
         楤  㦨.

              11.3. 䥩 ⭮ ⥫

              ।   ⥬ BIOS- ⭮  
         ⭮ ⥫.  ࠪ᪨   ᯮ 
         ,    ,   㣨 稭 祭 
          ⠢ IBM/PC,  ஬      ஡  .
         ( ஡   ᬠ쨢   2).
                ᥣ      㦥 楤 
         㦨 ⭮ ⥫  :    ⥭    
                  祭    몫祭  ⥫.
           ६⪨ :      
         믮    ࠢ  ⥫.
              ⨬,      騥      "䨧᪨"
         ࠪ,  ᮢᥬ  "᪨ , ⠪   
         ᪠  䠩.   ⠪ த ⭮ ᪮॥  ஢
         樮 ⥬, 祬  ஢ ⥬  BIOS  -    
         殢,    ⥬    BIOS      ᯥ稢   
         ਬ⨢,    ஢  㦨,     
         ண   ந ᪨ 楤  ᮪
         ஢.  ᮦ,  ᮢ襭  ন 䥩
         ⭮ ⥫, ⠪     ࠡ ⮫쪮 
         ᨪ      ਬ⨢  ஢   ⥬   BIOS.   
         ⢥   ࠭稢    ,    ⥫  
         쥧 ᯮ짮   ⥫.
               㯠  ६ 楤ࠬ 㦨 ⭮
         ⥫   ᯮ  뢠  21,  ⭠筮
         祭 15. ணࠬ 11-101   11-102    ᪮  ,
         ਫ饬        ⮩   ,      䥩
         ணࠬ  ᥬ    ᯮ⥫  楤  
         ᪠,  室       ᯮ짮 
         㦥 楤 ⥬ BIOS.
              ࢠ  楤,       0,   砥   ⥫
         ⭮  ⥫.   楤 頥 ࠢ
         ,        ⥫    -  
         室 뢠.
               楤, ᪠ 1, 몫砥 ⥫.
                楤,      2, ᯮ  ⥭
            .   ।      256
               ࠧ  뢠 ᪮쪮 . ᫨ 
          ।  㤥 㦥 訡,  ᮮ饭
          ⮬ 㤥 ।  ॣ AH.

               訡              祭
              ----------  -------------------------------------------
                  1       㦥 訡  横᪮  筮
                           (CRC)
                  2       祭       ४     
                          (ᯮ騥      ࠧ饭   
                          ଠ樨  )
                  4         

              ⢥ 楤,   3, ᯮ  
            .
                ⮬    蠥  ᥭ  㦥   楤
         ⥬  BIOS-, ।祭  প ਩
         ன, 砥  IBM/PC,  ⨬  뢠 
         ⥬  BIOS,  㤮 IBM/PC.  ᫥饬 ࠧ 
         ᬮਬ  ⠫쭮.   ०  祬    ,
         㦭  ᮮ     ஡,  䥩
         ⭮ ⥫.
              䥩 ⭮  ⥫  IBM/PC  ࠧࠡ뢠
         ⮫쪮    祭  ⭮ ⥫  IBM/PC  
         ࠪ᪨  ᯮ    .  
         㬭    ᯮᠡ    䥩   ᮥ[
         IBM/PC      㣨   ன⢠.          
         ᯮ짮  -  祭 ᯥ樠஢ ஫஢
         ஢ ਥ/।.

              11.4. ⥫ 楤 ⥬ BIOS

                楤,   㦥 ᬮ५, ⥬
         BIOS   砥            㦥
         楤. ணࠬ 11-101    11-102,  室騥    ᪮
         ,   ਫ    ⮩  ,    䥩
         ணࠬ  ᥬ    ᯮ⥫  楤  
         ᪠,   騥         ᯮ짮  
         㦥 楤 ⥬ BIOS.
              ࢠ     楤  -    楤  ᯥ⪨
         ᮤন  ࠭.      筮   뢠   楤ன
         㦨      ⥬   BIOS-,       
         㦨   ⨥    "PrtSc".  ᯥ⪠  ࠭
         믮 ணࠬ 㦨 뢠  5   
           ணࠬ  뢠      , 訢
         뢠    5.  楤   㦨   ,
         㦨 ⨥  "PrtSc",  뢠 뢠
         5.
              騥 ஬ ᨪ 砫,    
         ࠡ    ᨪ    "PrtSc"    . ,
          ⮩ ᯮᮡ 맮 ணࠬ ᯥ⪨ ࠭  
         ணࠬ      ᨪ.    ⥯    ᯮᮡ
         㦨    祣    ,  
              ணࠬ  ᨪ 뢠 5,
         ᠭ .
                ணࠬ      ᨪ   室   䥩᭠
         楤      設  몥,      
         樨 ᯥ⪨  ࠭,    祭    楤,
           ᥣ     ,   . 
         몥 ᥬ   뢠 ⠪:

              INT; 맮 뢠  5 (ᯥ⪠ ࠭)
                 ; (2- ⭠ )
              RET;    ணࠬ  ᨪ (1 )

                  ணࠬ        
            POKE , ᪮   ᥣ  ,
          ᯮ짮 ᫠ 筮 筮,  ⪠
         ணࠬ 뢠,   :

              100  REM    ணࠬ,   ࣠
              110  REM  맮 樨 ᯥ⪨ ࠭  ᨪ
              120  REM  塠⭠ ணࠬ  設 몥
              125  REM  ନ  ६.
              130  HOLD.THE.CODE = 0 '뤥 4-⭠ ६
              140  REM                筮 筮
              150  PRINT.SCREEN = VARPTR(HOLD.THE.CODE)'  ⠭
                                                          㪠⥫
              160  REM                  
              170  POKE PRINT.SCREEN + 0,205 '1-  ணࠬ -
              175  REM                 뢠 (INT)
              180  POKE PRINT.SCREEN + 1,5  '2-  -  -
                                       5
              190  POKE PRINT.SCREEN + 2,203 '3-  - -
                                      
              200  REM
              210  REM  ணࠬ  設 
              220  REM ࠭  ६ "hold.the.code"
              230  REM    ࠭  "print.screen"
              240  REM
              250  CALL PRINT.SCREEN

                ⮩  ⮩  ணࠬ  ப  120-170  뢠
         ணࠬ    設  .    楤  筮
         믮     ࠧ.    CALL    ப  250  
         믮 ⮣,   室  ᯥ  ᮤন
         ࠭.  (䥩 ணࠬ   楤 ⥬
         BIOS   祭   ᪮  ,  ਫ    ⮩
         ,    ⠪  ⮩ 䥩,  ,  ᠭ
         ,  ନ ।⢥   ᨪ.    
         ᫮  楤  筮  ॡ 祭 䥩
         ணࠬ   ᥬ,      㦠  
         ᨪ 楤ன BLOAD).
                  ⥫  楤  ⥬  BIOS -
         楤 뢮 ᯨ᪠ 㤮,    뢠  
           뢠   17, ⭠筮 祭 11.
          ࢮ 祭 IBM/PC 楤 ᪠   ᠬ஢ન
         ஢,      㤮   祭    IBM/PC  (
         ᭮,   ஢ઠ   ᢮        뢠    権
         ४⥫,  ⠭  ⥬  IBM/PC; 
         ४⥫    ⠢  ।  ࠧ  
         ᨬ    ⠢  祭  㤮.  
         ⮤  ᫨誮 祭, ᪮  ४⥫    
         ⠢ ࠢ쭮).
                ணࠬ    ᭨  䨣  ⥬,
         訢   뢠   17.      믮    楤
         㦨   ⮣  뢠    ந    
         ஢ઠ  ⠢  㤮,     ୮   뢠
           ४⥫.  ந室  ᥣ   뫪
          ⮢, ᮤঠ  䨣樨 ⥬,  뢠饩
         ணࠬ  ॣ AH  AL.
               ਢ ⠡  㤮:

                                       祭
              -------       ---      --------------------------------
                AH          1-2      ᫮ ஢ ன⢠ 
                                     ( 0  3)
                AH           3        ᯮ
                AH           4       ஢  祭  
                AH         5-7       ᫮ ஢ 裡 ( 0  7)
                AH           8        ᯮ
                AL         1-2       ᫮   ᪮     
                                     (᫨ ⠭ 8- )
                AL         3-4       砫  ० (.⠡
                                     )
                AL         5-6       ꥬ     ⥬ 
                                     (.⠡ )
                AL           7        ᯮ
                AL           8       ᪮ 祭 (᫨ , .
                                     1  2 )

              ⨬,  ᫮ ᪮,  묨  
         ⠬    AL,       ᫮,         
         ⢨⥫쭮 ᫠,  ⠪    祭  00  ᮮ⢥
           ᪮,  01  -     ⠪ .   ⠪
         奬 ஢  㪠뢠  稥    4-  ᪮.
         쬮  㪠뢠,    ᪮  ⥬.
         ᫨   ⠭,  ᯮ    稪.
           뫮    ᯮ짮     ஢ ᫠
         ᪮,     ᫠  0  7.
               ⠡  祭 ⮢  砫쭮
         ०:

                                     祭
              ----      -----------------------------------------------
               00       ( ᯮ)
               01       ᪨ ०, 40   ⮫殢,  ୮-
                        ࠦ
               10       ᪨ ०, 80   ⮫殢,   ୮-
                        ࠦ
               11       ஬ ०

                ⠡    ⠭  ⮢   
         ꥬ   ⥬ :

                                             祭
                          ---             ----------------------
                          00                     16
                          01                     32
                          10                     48
                          11                     64

               ணࠬ   ᯮ짮    ଠ  
         ன ᢮ ࠡ  䨣 ⥬.
                 楤   ᮮ頥,     ꥬ  
         祭  .   ꥬ  ࠡ祩  ,
         騩   ꥬ      ⥬    (ᮮ頥
         ।饩 楤ன)   ⥫    .  
         맮 ⮩ 楤 㦨 뢠 18, ⭠筮
         祭  12,    祭,  頥     ॣ   AX,
         ࠢ        ࠧ஬  1.   ᯮᮡ
          ।  ꥬ    .
              祭  ꥬ        ⠭   אַ
         ஢મ,        ⠭⭮  祩  .  
          ணࠬ  ꥬ ᯮ㥬 .
                  ᠬ    ।  ࠡ  IBM/PC 
         訬 ꥬ  (ਬ,  512)  砥  ⥬
         ணࠬ,    ᯮ      祭
          ⥫      ᪥,  ..  ⠪  뢠
         ஭    .   ⨯ 䨪樨 ⥬  
         祭   稭 ᯮ짮   .    ⮣
         ⮡      뤥  䨧᪮    
         -  ᯥ᪮  ᯮ짮,  IBM/PC  ࠭
         ࠡ祥 祭 ꥬ 㯭   祩 ⨢
         ,  ᮤন  ன    .      
         ᯮ짮  , ਬ,   뤥 ணࠬ,
         ꥬ  ᥣ ࠢ  ⨬ 祭.
                  ᭠  ᮡ      易   
         ⥬ BIOS,  ⭮  ᯮᮡ 맮 ⭮ ⥬
         ᨪ,  ⠪ ࠭    .  ᫨  祭  18,
         ⮣   ࠢ   ஬   ।   
         ᨪ.    ,    ⠪    㦥  
           ᭮    ࠢ  襩 ணࠬ  
         樮 ⥬ .
                楤,  㤠  ணࠬ  
           ⥬, -  楤 砫쭮 㧪, 뢠
         뢠 25, ⭠筮 祭 19.   楤
         १㦠  樮  ⥬   ᪠, ⠪   
         ந室 ᫥    Ctrl-Alt-Del.  ⢥
         ⫨稥   砥      ⮬,       ⨨  
         Ctrl-Alt-Del 믮 ⨪ ⥬,  ⠪    
           祭  ⠭,       뢠 25 ࠧ
         ந 㧪 ⥬.    ᠬ  ࠤ
         ᯮᮡ 襭 ணࠬ, ࠭騩 稥  
           樮 ⥬.
                楤  -      楤   㦨
         ⠩.      ᯮ     뢠    
         ७ 稪 ⠩.   楤    뢠
         楤ன ⥪ /६,  ᠬ   ᥣ 
         稪 뢠 ⠩. 稪 㢥稢   
            뢠, ஥ ந室 ਬ୮ 18-21 ࠧ
          ᥪ㭤. ᫥   ६     -  
          ,  ᯮ १ 稪.
                楤 㦨 ⠩, 뢠騥
          뢠 26, ⭠筮 筨 1, ,  
         0,  뢠  ⠩,  ,   1, 
          ⠭. 祭 稪 ⠩ ࠭    
         塠⮢  ᥫ,  ᯮ,  䠪᪨,    
         塠⮢.  楤      
         ਬ⨢  楤  ⮢.   ந室,
         稪  뢠    䠪  .    ।
            뢠 祭 稪 । ᮮ饭
          ⮬,  ⠩ 뢠.
                 ᫥  ६    ᬥ  
               ﭭ.    室 ⠭
         ६ , ᯮ  ᠭ  楤    祭
         祭  稪        ६; ᫨ 㤥
         祭 ᮮ饭   ⠩,     ⠪  
         .   ࠧ,  믮   ᫥ ⮫쪮
         ⮣, ॡ 㪠  ६,    頥  㭪樨
         楤  㦨 뢠  ⠩,  
         믮 18 ࠧ  ᥪ㭤. ᫨   㤥     
           ६    ,    ஢  ,  ⠢  
          祭  24 .   襩 ஢ન ६
          㤥  ० ࠢ,   訡筮).
              ᫨      㤥   ᠬ  뢠    ⠭
          ⠩    楤 ⥬  BIOS,  
            ࠢ쭮  ६    . 
         ⠭ 祭 稪 ⠩  ⠪  ࠧ,  
               饭    , ᫥ 祣  
         [    祭  ਧ     ⠩.   
         ⠭  뢠  ⠩ 訬 ணࠬ
         ⢥  ﭨ   ६  . ᫨ 
         ணࠬ  ⮫쪮 뢠  ⠩,  
         ਢ  墠 ᮮ饭   ⠩,   
         冷    .
                ᬮ५  楤 ⥬ BIOS-.
                        饭  ⠢
          楤.   ६     ன⢠,  砥
         ⠭   ࠧ,     ন騥    㦥
         楤,ᮢ襭  ন ஢  .  
         ந室  ⮬,    ⠪  প   㦭. 
           ⮫쪮  ।  祬    ந諮;    
           稭    ⮬,  ଠ "" 
         章      筮     ⠢   
         ⥬,  ன  ॡ  -  প  ஢
         ⥬  BIOS.  ,  ⠪    ஢     
         ⠢      ⥬     筮    ⠤  
         ࠧࠡ⪨   প    祭    ⥬
         BIOS, ࠧ饭  .
                      ⥬  BIOS -  
         楤  㦨 ஥ .  祬  
           뫨  祭    ⥬  -        . 
         ᫥饬 ࠧ  ᬮਬ ࠡ      ,  
            㪨  ࠢ ணࠬ.

              11.5. 業 㪠   

                ᮦ,   ⥬ BIOS  㭨ᠫ 楤
         㦨 ஥  IBM/PC .      ⥬
             ணࠬ,  騥    㪨 
         ,     ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮    ᠬ
         ⥬ BIOS -   㦥 楤 饣 짮.
                  ࠧ   ᭨ ࠡ   ᭨
         ᭮  ᯮ짮.᪮ , ਫ騩  ⮩
         ,  ᮤন 㦥 ணࠬ  ᥬ,
         ᯥ    ᥬ  .
                  ஬⥫    -               
         ᮪-⢥ ⥬ ந 㪠, ⥫䮭
             IBM/PC  -  ࠡ⠥      祭
         ᫥⥫쭮  ᪨ ᮢ,  뢠
         ⪫ ࠣ , 뢠饥   ,
         ࠧ騥  .    筮  , 㯠騥 
          ࠧ 魮 (஬)  ⥫쭮  (
              ⮭).  ⮩    IBM/PC    
         ॣ㫨஢   ஬            ࠧ    
         ᫥⥫쭮  ᪨  ᮢ.   
              ⪫砥      ०   ⮣   筮
         ࠢ.      ᮢ  ⮪  ।  㪮
         ,  ࠡ뢠  .   ਬ,   ᫨   ⮪
         砥    몫砥  300  ࠧ    ᥪ㭤,   
           ⮩ 300 .
              奬 ࠢ  祭 ᭮  ࣠
           ᯥ稢    ᯮᮡ  ନ஢  㪠. ,
         뫠  ,  ࠢ  樥  ணࠬ
         ᨣ   ணࠬ㥬 ⠩.  ᯮᮡ ନ஢
         㪠 । ⥬, ᯮ ⠩  .
              砫   ᬮਬ       ନ        
         ᯮ짮   ⠩.   ⮡  ⠢    
         ணࠬ    㦭     祭
         㦭   ६.            ᥬ,  
         ᯮ짮   ᪠-   樨        
         樨  ⮩ 樨. ।,  室
         ந      ⮩  300  ,    
           ᥪ㭤.   室 ᤥ:

                150  ࠧ  {  , 1/2 ᥪ㭤,  
         300  }
              砫
               ⪫祭 
              প  1/600 ᥪ㭤 { 横}
              {প  ६  믮        宫⮣
         横, 饣 㦭 ᫮ ࠧ}
               祭 
              প   1/600 ᥪ㭤 {  横}
              ;

              ᫨    ⥫쭮    ணࠬ   ᥬ
         BEEP/WARBLE, ਢ   ⨭ 3.2.    3,  
         ,   ࠡ⠥  ⠪ ࠧ.
               祭 訩 ᯮᮡ ந 㪠,   
          ணࠬ 祣  ,  ஬  樨  㪠.
         ᪨,    쪠  ணࠬ ᯮ  
         ய 8088,   祣 ஬   ६
           ନ஢  ᮢ  .  ⮣  
         ᮢ襭 ᯮᮡ, ᯮ騩 ⠩.
                    ⥩  IBM/PC  -    稥
         ணࠬ㥬  ⠩.     ஬⪮
         ६,  ⮫쪮 뢠   ᭮  ⠪⮢
            ⥬.     ⮣  ⠩    ᫮,
         뢠 樥⮬  (  ⥫),  
         뢠   ᫮   ᮢ   ⠪⮢      
         ࠢ  ᫮  ⥫.   ᫠ ࠢ,
         ⠩ 뤠 ᨣ  ᭮ 稭   .
              ⥬   ⠪⮢      ࠡ⠥    
         1,19.      ᫨  ⠩  ணࠬ஢    10000
         ᮢ,    㤥  뤠  ᨣ  ਬ୮  100 ࠧ 
         ᥪ㭤.       ᮢ    室
         ⠩,    ᮮ⢥騩  ⥫. ᫥ 㧪
         ⥫  奬      ᪠      ࠡ   
         ࠢ  ⠩,  ᫥  祣  室  ᨣ ⠩
          ࠢ  ⮩  ନ㥬  㪠,    
          믮   ࠡ.
                  ᯮᮡ    ࠢ         
         ணࠬ  ࠡ,    ந . 
         ࠧ  ࣠  ࠡ      楤   ᨪ,
         䮭   몠      MB.   室  ,    
         ନ஢ 㪠   ⠩,   த  
             ,      㤥 ⪫祭 ⮩  ணࠬ ,
           ⨫.
              ⨭ 3.2.   ᯮ짮    ⢥  ਬ
         ନ஢  㪮   ᯮ짮 ⠩. ணࠬ 
         ᥬ, ।⠢ ⨭  11.1,   뢠  
          砭    ⠩.

              ਫ 11.1.  ணࠬ 樨 㪠 
         ᯮ짮 ⠩ (ᥬ).

         a440seg segment 'code'
               assume cs:a440seg
         a440  proc   far
               mov    al,0b6h
               out    67,al
               mov    ax,2711
               out    66,al
               mov    al,ah
               out    66,al
               in     al,97
               or     al,03
               out    97,al
               int    20h
         a440  endp
         a440seg  ends
               end