                        6.   


              ணࠬ,   ࠧ頥      ᨢ    饬
         ன⢥ ()   IBM/PC, । 䥪⨢
         ࠡ ᮭ쭮   楫.       
           ᠬ 騥 ᢥ, 騥 .  ᬮਬ
         祭   ,   ᯥ䨪           ஢
         (४樨) ࠭饩 ⠬ ଠ樨 , , ࠢ
          ᮡ   ᨨ   IBM/PC.   
         ਠ    ᫥  ,  
         㭪樮    IBM/PC   ᬠਢ   
         ⠫쭮.
                      ᯥ.   祬 
                ⭮ ⮫쪮    IBM/PC
         ,    ,    ࠭      ᥬ⢮
         ஢, ࠡ  ࠢ MS-DOS.  ⠫
         ஢  ᥬ⢠  PC  ᢥ ᫥ ᬠਢ
         ਬ⥫쭮    ⭮    (᪮  
             ᢮ ᮡ).   ,  
         ᭮  ,    뢠      맮   㭪樨
         㦨   設⢠ ஢ ᮢ. ⮬,
         ᬮ              ᮢ    ணࠬ
         㦨,  室        ⮩   
          ਠ 饩  ᫥    ࠭
         ᢮ 㠫쭮.

               6.1. ࣠    ᯮ짮

              ணࠬ,   ࠭騥      ,   ।⠢  ᮡ
         १砩      IBM/PC,  ᪮  
         ᭮  ࠢ饩  ணࠬ,  饩    䥪⨢
         㬥⮬ ࠡ⪨ .  䠪  ࠧ饭    
         ॢ頥  ணࠬ  ⠡   㬥 -
                 㭨⮦.  ஬  ⮣,  
         㯭         ணࠬ,  믮塞    IBM/PC,
         ᨬ  ᯥ䨪 ᯮ㥬 樮 ⥬.
              設⢮ ணࠬ 㦨,  ࠧ頥    ,
         ᪠  ६饭.  ணࠬ ᠭ ⠪ ࠧ,
               室            ६,
         ᮮ⢥⢥   ந   饭      .  䨪
         饭  ணࠬ  ⮨  ⮬,    ⨢
         ந ᥣ १ ⥬ 뢠.  ⠡
         ஢ 뢠,      室    
                ணࠬ   㦨.         㦥
         ᬠਢ   祭 ਠ  3.
               㦥 ਫ ,    ࠭⢮    
          IBM/PC    ,   ⢮
         訥   ࠭⢠ .
                訥    ,  ᮮ⢥騥  砫
         ࠣ  ᥣ   ᮬ FE20/16,  墠뢠騥 8
             ⢮    BIOS,      ⥬
         -뢮.  ⥬  -뢮  (BIOS) 믮
          樨  㦨 ਩  ன  IBM/PC,
         ⠪   ᯫ  ⥫    ᪠.
             ணࠬ    樮    ⥬,    ᯥ稢騥
         㭪樮஢    ਥ   ᯮ짮 BIOS.
            ,  ᮤঠ  BIOS,  ।⠢  ᮡ
             ,    ⥫      ᯮ짮
           IBM/PC.    ᫥         
         ᬮ७    㭪権  IBM/PC    㤥 ⠫쭮
         㦤  㦥   饭      BIOS,   ᯥ稢騥
         ॠ  㭪権.
              ࠢ筮   㪮⢮    孨᪮  㦨
         ᮭ쭮  ᮤন  ⥪ ࢮ  ᨨ
         BIOS;    ⮬  ਨ  ,   
          ; , 祬    ,    ᫠.
         ᫨      모  樨  ⨭    몥
         ᥬ,   祭 ⨭ BIOS    ⢥
             ਭ樯 㭪樮஢ .
                      ,    ᮮ⢥   ࠣ   
         ⭠ ᮬ F600    32    .
           ᮤন (࠭) ணࠬ  몠 ᨪ.
           ࠭   몠 ᨪ    IBM/PC.
             ᨨ 몠 ᨪ ᮮ⢥ ᨪ-;
         ᭮ 㭪樮  ᪮ ᨨ  ᨪ,
           ⠪ ७ ᨪ (BASICA) 䠪᪨ ॠ 
         . ࠪ᪨ ,     㪠    ᨨ
         ᨪ  -   ७ ᨨ ᨪ-. ⢥⢥,
         ᨪ- -        몠  ᨪ,  ᮤঠ
         ᭮ ணࠬ, ॡ㥬  ᪮ ᨩ.
                    ࠢ筮 㪮⢥  孨᪮
         㦨 ⥪ ணࠬ BIOS     ᫠  ਢ
         ⥪  ணࠬ  ᨪ-;     拉 砥  㤥
         ᯮ짮 ࠣ ⮩ ணࠬ  樨 ⮤
         ᫥ ᮤন .
                    ᥡ    ,  ᮤঠ  ᨪ,  
         ।⠢ ᮡ  ,      ᪮    ⮩
          ᯮ ⢮  ணࠬ,  祬 
           ᯮ짮  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ࠧࠡ⪥?  
           ஢  㦭  ࠣ⮢ ᨪ  ᫥騬 
         ⥫  㬥஢   ।⠢   ᮡ   쬠
         㤮 ,    ࠡ  蠥.
              ணࠬ        㭪    ᨪ      
         ।⢥ ⨢஢   ணࠬ  짮⥫  
            堭   뢠.      11    
         ᬠਢ  室 ⮩.
              ⨩      ᫥   ⮪          
         ᬠਢ. ଠ IBM ⠢  ᮡ ࠢ 
         ⠢  ணࠬ  ;  짮⥫ ⠪  ࠨ 
          ᢮ ணࠬ,    ⠪  ࠧ  㭪樮
          IBM/PC. ⥫ ணࠬ   
            ᭮ ࠭⢠,   ,
         稭騩    ⭠筮    ࠣ F400 
         騩 8,   ਫ騩      ,
         ⢥  ᨪ ᯥ樠쭮 뤥  ⠪ ணࠬ.
         ᫨  ॡ    8  ,    ணࠬ  
         ᬥ          ᠬ. 
         ।⢮ 祭   ᯥ樠஢ ணࠬ 
         ॢ  IBM/PC  ᯪ樠஢ . ० 祬
         㯨   㡮 祭 BIOS  㥬
         (      ᫥   ࠣ)   ᯮᮡ  ᫥
         ᮤন .

              6.2.  ᮤন  ।⢠ ணࠬ DEBUG

                      ᬮਬ   ᮡ   
         ணࠬ    ,  ࠧ頥   . ᬮ  , 
         ।  ⮤  ਥ     ࠧ   
         ணࠬ,  ᯮ    ,     ᯮ짮
         ⠪   砥 ணࠬ,  ࠭    ᪥.  ⮬
         ,  祬    ਬ   ⠬ DOS,
         ᯮ  ᪥, ⠪     ⠬,  室騬  
         ⠢ 㣨 ணࠬ.
                    ࠣ     ⢫
         ⠪  ।⢠  ᨪ    ᪠.  ⮤   樨
         ꥪ⮢  ,  ᬮ७   3,  ࠡ
          ᨪ  ᪠,       祩  .
           ਢ  ਬ  ணࠬ   ᨪ, ⮡ࠦ騩
         ᮤন .

         100 REM     ⮡ࠦ ࠣ   . ଠ
         110 PARAGRAPH=&HF600
         120 DEF SEG=PARAGRAPH
         130 PRINT
         140 PRINT "⮡ࠦ ᮤন ࠣ",HEX$(PARAGRAPH)
         150 PRINT
         160 PRINT "筮       ⭠筮"
         170 PRINT "饭   饭   ন ";
         180 OFFSET%=0
         190   FOR LINES%=1 TO 16
         200     PRINT
         210     PRINT OFFSET%, HEX$(OFFSET%)

                ਢ  ணࠬ      㤨   
         ᮤন  ,    ⠥ " ஬". , ⠪
         ࠧ, 諨  祭   室  㬥,
         ⠢  ⠢ DOS - ணࠬ DEBUG.
              ணࠬ DEBUG  ⢫   ⢨
         ⭮襭 ᮤন  :  롮  ந쭮  ⪠
             ⮡ࠦ    ᮤন      ଠ:
              1) ⭠ / ASCII.
              2) ଠ  易  ᥬ஢.
              ணࠬ   DEBUG      ⠪  ᯮ짮  
         ᫥ ணࠬ, ࠭    ᪥.    ᫥
         砥, ࠢ, ।⠢  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮
         ணࠬ Disklook,  ᠭ    ᪥,  ਫ  
             ணࠬ SecMod 室  ⠢ ணࠬ
         Norton Utility. ० 祬   ,  ᭨  
         ନ "ᥬ஢".
              ணࠬ,  ।⠢    몥  設  ,
         १砩  ᫮     祫.   砥
         ஢,   ࠢ⥫쭮  ⮩  ଠ  設
         ,   쬠 ᫮  . ய
         8088 ॣ 祭 ᫮    몠  設
         .      ࠢ  ⭮襭 設⢠
         ய஢ -  ஥஢騪   ⮩  
         ⨦  ᨬ쭮  ந⥫쭮    ⭮
         .  ᫥⢨  ⮣,  ॡ  ਫ  ⥫
         ᨫ  ᬮ   ⨭, ।⠢ 
         몥 設   ⭠筮 .
                ᥬ஢, ॠ㥬 ணࠬ DEBUG,
         ⥫쭮 砥 楤 樨 設 몠.
         ᥬ஢ -     ࠭樨  ८ࠧ
         権  設  몠,  ।⠢     ᮫⭮
         ⭠筮         ᨬ     몠
         ᥬ. , ਬ,  몥 ᥬ  
         INC   AX  (㢥  ᮤন  ॣ  AX    );
         ᥬ ॢ          設
         몥      40/16.  㭪  ᥬ ⮨  ⮬,
         ⮡ ਢ  設 몠   40/16  ⭮
           INC AX.
              ⭠    40 ࠢ⥫쭮   
         ८ࠧ  ,    稨  ⠡    
         ய  8088.   設⢮  ⠫ 
          ⮨  ⠪ , ᪮   拉  砥  
               ᨬ    祭  
         ⮢.  砥 ᯮ짮   DEBUG    ⠭
         砨   ஢   ८     ०  
         ᥬ஢.
              ᬮ      ,     ᥬ    믮
         ८ࠧ    設  몠        㤮
           몠  ᥬ,  楫    쬠 ⢥
         ⮢  ணࠬ,  ᠭ      몥   ᥬ
         ४樨    .  ,  祢,    
         ⠭ 쬠  ਨ ணࠬ. ஬
         ⮣,    ।⠢  ⠭ ਣ
         ᨬ᪨  ᮢ .
               ࠧ,  ਣ쭮 ᪮ 樨
         ⨯

              IMP FINISH; 믮, ३  饩 楤

         ᥬ ᣥ ப 

              IMP  OE6C

              짮⥫  । ᮡ  室,  
           ⠥   .
              ᥬ,   ᫮,       ﭨ  
          ணࠬ, ᮡ,  ⮬,   ᠥ  ᫠
         ᥬ㥬   ணࠬ.       ⢥  頥
         ,    ।  짮⥫  ,    ⠪
            ⫨    ,  ᮤঠ    
          , ᮤঠ .
               樨 ᮡ⥩ ᫥  ணࠬ  
         쬥  ணࠬ ᨪ  ᯮ㥬   ⢥ ꥪ
         ਫ ணࠬ DEBUG.  ⥫ ᢥ 
         ᮮ饭  ,    室 ᬮ७ ਬ.
          ⠫쭮 祭 ணࠬ DEBUG - ᫥ ⥫쭮
           ⢥騥  ࠧ 㪮⢠  樮
         ⥬;  ਠ        ᢮,    
         ᮤন   孨᪨ ⠫.
               짮⥫,  ࠡ⠢  ணࠬ ()
         DEBUG,  ᮮ騬    ⥫  ᢥ. 
         ⠫ ,   ᪠ ⥬    
           .    믮 ᠬ  
         ᯮ⥫ ஢ ।   "":  
           樮  ⥬  (ᨬ  "")  ⮬ 砥 
         ᯮ.
              設⢮  ⢨  ணࠬ DEBUG ⮡ࠦ 
         ࠭ ᯫ,       ॡ    
         ᯥ⪥  ᫥饩 ࠡ. ⢥ ணࠬ DEBUG
          뢮 १ ᢮ ࠡ  ਭ.
               ⮩ 裡, , ᫥ ,   
          ᯮᮡ  ⢥ .  ᯮᮡ 砥
          ᯮ짮  ஢ ⥪饣    PrtSc
         (    ᮤন   ࠭);   ன   -   ⮨   
         ᯮ짮    ਭ        -⮡ࠦ     ⥬
         ६   Ctrl  PrtSc.
              ⠪,    ਭ﫨  襭  ᫥ ⪠ ,
         ᮤঠ饣 ᨪ;  ⠪ ⭮,   砫 ⮩
         ணࠬ ᮮ⢥ ⭠筮  F600. 
         ᪠ ணࠬ DEBUG    㯠    ।⢥
         ࠡ  ⮩ ணࠬ.
              ।  ⥯,      ꥪ   ᪮
         (F600)  ⥭.  ⮬ 砥       
           ࠢ.  ࢮ  -    ⮤筮 ᯮ짮
         樨 D (饥 ""  "⮡ࠦ")    ,
               -  ᭮.  ஥  -  
         䥪⨢ ࠢ - ⮨    ।  ணࠬ
         DEBUG  ࠧ  ꥪ,  ,    襬   
         室  .
                ⢥  ࠧ ꥪ ᪠ 롥६ ᮮ饭 
         訡,  뤠   ᨪ:   "Illegal   Function   call"
         (  맮  㭪樨).      6.1   楤
         ᪠ ணࠬ DEBUG     ᪠  㪠  
         ᮮ饭  ணࠬ ᨪ. ।,  ।,
           ⢥ 砫쭮  ᬮ (᪠) ணࠬ
         DEBUG   ।  ࠣ F000 (騩  
            砫   ᨪ),       ⠪    ࠧ    ()
         ᬠਢ  ⪠  (L)  ࠢ  65535 ⠬ (`FFFF'
         ⭠筮   ⥬   ᫥).   ணࠬ   DEBUG
         ᮮ頥,    騩  ⥪⮢ ꥪ . 
         ᮮ饭 ନ  ଥ ᥣ஢   F000:
         63F4,  饣,    ⭮⥫쭮 ࠣ F000 
         ⭠筮  ᬥ饭  63F4.  믮   ⢨   
         ᠬ,  稬  20-⮢ .

                              F000
                           +
                               63F4
                           -------------
                              F63F4

                     A  >   DEBUG

                     -  S F000 : 0000  L  FFFF  "Illegal Function call"

                     F000 : 63F4

              . 6.1.  ணࠬ DEBUG   ᮮ饭

              祭    ᪮  ⥪⮢    
         ⮬,      ᮮ饭   ᯮ      
         砫쭮    ࠣ   ࠧ饭   ᨪ   F600.   ᫨
         ।⠢ 20-  ⮢    F63F4    ᥣ஢
         , ᯮ  ⢥  ࠣ F600,  㤥 
          F600:03F4.   ࠧ,  ⭮⥫쭮  ᬥ饭  
         砫 ᨪ ⠢ ⮫쪮 3F4/16  1012/16 ⮢.
                 D F600 : 03E0 (뢮  ࠭ ᮤন
          , 稭      -  ..    ,
         稭饩   ᪮쪮   ࠭      ᮮ饭  -
         ⭮⥫쭮   ࠣ F600)  ⮡ࠧ
         ᮤন   饣  ࠭⢠  ,  饣
           ᮮ饭.    㭪  6.2.  ।⠢
         १ 믮 ⮩ . ணࠬ DEBUG 뢮 
         ன⢮ ⮡ࠦ -    ⭠筮    ᨬ쭮
         (ASCII)  ଠ - ᮤন ⪠   80 ,
         祬  ⮪  ᮤন  ᪮  ᮮ饭.  
         ⠪  ࠧ  ।⠢ ᪮ ᮮ饭,  ⠪ 楫
          㣨 ᮮ饭  訡 ᨪ, ..  ,  
         -    । -  室 - .
          室   ணࠬ DEBUG   த
         ⮡ࠦ   ࠭ ᫥ ⪮ ;  ⮣
         ᫥   D,  㪠뢠  砫 祩.
              㭮 6.2.       ᮡ⥩,
           ᫥   , ᯮ  "D"  ࠬ
         ணࠬ DEBUG.    ᮡ⥩ ⮨  ⮬, 
                  뢮  頥  ⭠筠
         ଠ,   ࠢ -  ଠ      ASCII.  
         ᮡ  砥    ⮬,      
          ᨬ쭮 ।⠢   ASCII ࠦ 
         ࠢ        뢮      窨.  ,  
         ⭮,  ⥪    ᫥⢨:     ⮣,   ⮡
         ᯮ짮    -   ணࠬ   DEBUG   ஫
         㯠騥      室    樨,     騥
         ।⠢       ASCII;    樨    
         ਭ ਭ஬  ⢥ ࠢ饣 . ᫥⢨
         ⮣,    뢠,    ࠢ     뢮
         (ଠ   ASCII) 㤥   ꥪ⨢  ⨭.
         ,          ਢ    ⠭  
         ᨬ,    ᨬ ( 訬 ⮬  
         筮  ﭨ)  㤥  ⯥⠭,  ⠫쭮 㤥
         ८ࠧ  窨. ( 㬥⭮ ,  ணࠬ
         DiskLook,  室   ⠢  ணࠬ, ᠭ 
         ᪥, ਫ  饩 , ⮡ࠦ  筮
           ⭠      ASCII, ᪮ 뢮
         ଠ ⮫쪮  ࠭   ᯮ -).
                   ᬠਢ ᯮᮡ ⮡ࠦ ,
          ᪠ ਮ    ,  ࠭      
           ணࠬ  DEBUG.     㤥  ⢥
            ᫮      -      ᥬ஢   
         樨 ணࠬ   設 몥.

              6.3.  ᮤন  - ⮤ ᥬ஢

                ᫥騩  蠣     襭      ᫥
         ᮤন      ᯮ짮  ணࠬ DEBUG ⮨ 
         ⢥     ᮡﬨ      ᥬ஢.
           "U" ணࠬ DEBUG - 砥 "ᥬ஢" -
         c⢫  ८ࠧ  ந       
         ᪨    몠 ᥬ. ᥬ ॠ:
         ॢ ᮫ ⭠  ணࠬ,    
           몥 ᥬ (ਬ: AX  DS). ᥬ
            .
              ࢮ. ᥬ    ணࠬ  
           砥 짮⥫.   ⨭, 뤠
         ᥬ஬, 室      ᥬ,  
                    ࠢ筮  㪮⢥  ,
         ⠭  ᪨ 祭,  
           .  ( ⮩ 楫   ᯮ짮 ᫥騥
         筨:  "㪮⢮      ᥬ    IBM",
         ࠢ筨    ⥬    ய  8086/8088,
         ⠪  "祡 ᮡ  ய  8086"  .
          "ᠭ ய 8086"   ).
                    ணࠬ    몥  ᥬ  (
         ணࠬ, ਢ     ᥬ),    
         몠   ᥬ   筮,   室   ⠪  
         ஥   ।⠢       㭪樮쭮    ਥ樨
         ணࠬ.
              ⨦  ࠬ  ।⠢  ᮡ  ⥫쭮
         ⢥ ࠦ, ᢮ த  .    ६
           楤  ⠭    ,  ⮬,
          ६   ᫮ ᠭ   室  
             ,     ⮬,  ᢠ ਥ
         ணࠬ஢  ᥬ   ᯮᮡ  ⨦  楫.
           ⠭     ஡.
              ஥,    ᨫ  ணࠬ  ᥬ  -  
         ⠭  ⠪ 뢠 ᮫⭮ ᨭ஭樨. ⭮,
             設  몠     ய   INTEL
         8086/8088  ६  -     ⮢.
         ᫥  ⮣    ᥬ  ᮮ饭  ⭠  
             㯠   楤 אַ ஢, 
         ⫨    . 筮 訡  롮
         室  樨    (ਬ,      ࠭
              )    १  
         .
              ᫨  砫쭠 窠   ⭠,  
         ஡    .   ᫨   -   ।⥫
         ᢥ   ,      ᫥  ஢  室
         ᫥. ࢮ,  室 ᤥ  -    
         室                 
         ᥬ஢. ᫥ ⮣  ᫥  ।ਭ  
         ஢    १   ࠡ   ᥬ.   ᫨
         ᫥ ணࠬ ⪨  (  ਢ
           ᮮࠦ    ), ᫥ 
         楤, ᬥ⨢ 砫   ,    
           ⭮襭  ।饩 ⪥.  ⠪ ࠧ ⠥
         ᪠  ᨭ஭樨,  ᯮ    몥  
         , ᫥ 祣   ⠭ ਣ 
         .  ᫨  ।  ⪠  稫  㤠筮,  
         ᫥ ஡  ࠧ.
              ᪮ 設⢮         
         ,    ᨭ஭樨 ᪠  ࠢ ᫮.
         ஬    ⮣,    室    뢠,        
         ᥬ஢   ᠬᨭ஭樨.  ᫨
          ⢥  砫쭮  窨    ᥬ஢  ࠭
         窠,  ᯮ  ,   砥, 
          ᥬ஢  ࠡ⪥  ᫥  
         ᠬந쭮   㦭 . ᫥ ⮣  
         ,  ࠩ     ஭  㢥祭  ᮢ.  (
          ஭  室  ).
              믮    ᥬ஢    ணࠬ    室
         ⥫쭮 ᫥   묨  (    ⨢
         ),     ᥬ  ॢ頥    㤫
         ᥬ 樨. ᭮     ᯮᮡ
         㦥    ⮨  ᯮ짮  "D", 
         ।⠢ ଠ樨    ⭠筮      
         ASCII.       । ᫥   
         ᠬ   祢       -    ᮤঠ⥫쭮    ᫥
         ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ  ASCII (ࠧ), ⠪, ਬ,
          " 맮 㭪樨". ᫥ ⮣  㯠  
           ⮭ ਧ .
                ணࠬ (..  ணࠬ, ࠧ頥 
         ) 稥  ,    ⭠묨  ﬨ
           ਧ  ࠡ祩    ,    ⠪
         ,    㤥  ᯮ짮    室  믮
         ணࠬ;     ᥬ஢  ⮩ 
         㠫.    ᯮ짮  ࠭ ࠡ
         ,  ᪮          . 
         ࠧ, 稥 ,   ⭠  㫥
         ⨯筮  -ணࠬ.
              ਧ        
         塠⮢ ᫮,      ன    訩  
         ᮤন 0  F.   ⮬,  ⥫쭮 ᫮ ⠭
         ணࠬ    묨  ᫠,   ⥫묨   (..
         稭    0),  ⥫묨 (.. 稭 
         F).  ᫨   㤥   㦥   ᫥⥫쭮   ⮢,
         㤮⢮  ⨬  ॡ,    쬠 ⭮, 
           , ᯮ㥬  ࠭   
         塠⮢  ᥫ.     ணࠬ   ᮤঠ
         .
                ᫨      ⨭,   뤠
         ᥬ஬,  室     ᫥騥 .
           ணࠬ,  襤訥  ⠯  ।஢  痢,
          ࠭    ,    㣮. 
         室  ⮬  襣  ⨫  ணࠬ஢;
           ⠪  ࠡ⠥  ।  痢 ᪮ 樮
         ⥬.  ᠭ  ਭ樯  ࠪ७    ணࠬ  
         ⨯,     ணࠬ ⨯ EXE  ࠢ  襩
         ⥯  祬    ணࠬ  ⨯  COM.    㣮   ஭,
         -ணࠬ,    ⥬,    ᬠਢ 
         ,     ࠧࠡ뢠      楯権   孮
         ணࠬ஢.       ணࠬ  ᫥
         ६  .
              ᫨  ।⥫쭮  㦥  ⮪  ணࠬ, 
         ஬  ᫥      ᫥    , 
           ࠩ   ⮢  ᯮᮡ  ⫨
           ᫥⥫쭮      ᯮ ᫥ 
           묨,    ⠪   ࠧ      室
         ᬠਢ   ⮢   ⮪   ᥬ஢.
         ᫥    䠪᪮  ⪠  ணࠬ   
         ।⠢ ᮡ    ࠧ  室
           ⢫.    ⢫      
         室,   ஬    ᫮  室.    ⢥
         㯮ॡ⥫쭮    襭  ணࠬ   ਭ
         ᯮ짮      (RET)  (  맢
         ࠭ ணࠬ).
               ᯮ짮 ⠪   CALL (맮)   INT
         (뢠);       ᯮ짮    ⢥  
         襭 ᫥⥫쭮   砥  筮
         ।.
                ᮡ⥩,   ᫥ 
             襭       ।
         ⪠  ணࠬ  ᫥    ᥬ஢.    
         । ᫥     ᯮ㥬  ॣ.
         ᫨  樨  ॠ    ॣ,  ᯮ㥬 
         ࠢ  믮 䬥᪨ 権  (AX    AL,
         AH;BX    BL, BH; CX  CL, CH; DX  DL, DH),  
         ⢨  ⭮襭 १   ।ਭ,    
         뢠  ७.   ᫥   ⥫.
             १⮢  믮   䬥᪨   権
         ⮨    ⠭  䫠  -  ᫥⥫쭮,  ⢥
          稥  ᫮ 室  ﭨ 䫠,
         ⠪     JNC  (  室    ᫮  ⢨
         ⠭ ⮢ 䫠).
              ᬮਬ ᯥ ४⭮ ᯮ짮 ॣ஢
            ४㥬   ணࠬ.   ணࠬ    ᯮ
         ॣ      堮   ࠧ   -      
         ।  樯.  ⮬ 쬠 ਢ筮, ᪠,
          㧪   ।⢥  뫪    ᥣ
         ॣ  -  ᮡ  ᥣ  ॣ  ணࠬ  (CS) 
         ᥣ  ॣ  ⥪    (SS).  㧪  ᥣ
         ॣ    (DS)    ⭠,  ⠪ 砥
         ।.  㣮 ஭,  ⥫  ᥣ  ॣ
         (ES)  ࠪ᪨ ﭭ ᯮ ணࠬ, ⮬
          㧪 -  筮. ᫨ 㧪 ॣ CS  SS
         -⠪ 㦥,     ᤥ  ணࠬ
         ᥪ樨,  ନ饩   樮      믮塞
         ணࠬ;    ⮬ 砥 ⭥ ᥣ,    
         㤥 ந 㧪 ᪮쪨 ᥣ ॣ஢, 
         ⭮, CS, SS  DS.
              ⪠    ४஢   ணࠬ      ⨭,
         뤠 ᥬ஬    ⪠  㡥  
           ।  , ।⠢ ᮡ
         墠뢠饥 ⢥  ࠦ.    ⮣,,  
         ॡ  ᯥ樠쭠  ⮢.    ࠢ, 筮
         뢠  ࠢ ᫠. ᢮   ४樨 
         ਮ        ࠪ᪨    모,   ,   
         室,  ᬮ      த.      ᫥饬
         ࠣ  믮 ஢ (४) ணࠬ
         ᨪ-; ⥫, ⠪ ࠧ,  ।⠢  
         ⮬,          㡥  ⮬,    祭
         ᫮.

              6.4.        ᮤন      -   ४
         

               ⢥ ਬ ஡㥬  ᥬ஢  ࠣ
         ᨪ-.  筥    室 ࠣ, .. ࠣ 
         ᮬ  F600(16).    㭪  6.3  ।⠢   १
         ᥬ஢   32 ⮢. ⭠ 㫨 
           ࠣ  ணࠬ  (८ࠧ  ᥬ஬  
            ADD   ())  ।⠢  ᮡ  .  
         ""  ᪠ ࠭   ⮬,  
         㫥      ⨯    -ணࠬ.    DB
         (। ), ।  㫥,    
         ॠ  ᥬ   ,   
          ८ࠧ      ᥬ  (⠪  ,
            ப     ,  砥  쭮
         ।). ⠪,     ,    ।
            ᫮   室   ᮡ⢥   ᫥묨
         ? ।⥫ ⢥        
         ⥫,    ᪮        襭   믮
         ணࠬ ᯮ    (RET).    
          .
                ਯ - ᫥ ⢨  
              ᥬ஢  ணࠬ?    
         룫 ᪮쪮 ࠭, ᪮  稭    
         ᫮  室  (JMP).  設⢮ ணࠬ, ,
             믮    ⢨  ஥筮  ,
           ⮣ ।⢮  맮 ணࠬ 
         室,  㦭 楤ࠬ.    ࠧ,  ᫮
         室    砫  ணࠬ  -     㤫  
          -  ⠪  ᫨. 騥   -
             饭  ணࠬ  ᫥騬 
           楤   ᮡ  ,  ,    ࠩ
         ,   ⨢      -  ⥯
         㦨 ਧ  ᫥⥫쭮  .  ,
         ᫥⥫쭮, ᤥ ।  ⮬,    
          ॠ쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 .
                ⮣,  祬    ᯮ  -    ⮬,  
         㭪 6.3 ।⠢ ॠ쭠 ᫥⥫쭮  -
                 - . 쪮  
          祣  ᮢ.
                 -⠪        ⮢.  ᫨  
         ⢨⥫쭮 ॠ쭠 ᫥⥫쭮,    
         ,       .  
               室        ᫥
           饭  楤.      
         室?  ᥬ          (⭮⥫쭮
         砫 襩 ணࠬ, ..  F600/16) - FE92/16.
              믮  ᥬ஢  讣  ⪠ ,
         稭饣  ⮣  (१ ਢ   6.4.)

              -U F600:0000
              F600:0000 E98F7E          JMP          7E92
              F600:0003 E8A76B          CALL         6BAD
              F600:0006 CB              RET          L
              F600:0007 E80265          CALL         650C
              F600:000A CB              RET          L
              F600:000B C1              DB           C1
              F600:000C 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:000E 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:0010 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:0012 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:0014 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:0016 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:0018 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:001A 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:001C 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL
              F600:001E 0000            ADD          [BX+SI],AL

              . 6.3. ᥬ஢ 砫쭮 ⪠ ᨪ

              宦,        .  -,  ।   
         ᮢ㯭    ᫥    ,      ᮤঠ   
         ᫥⥫쭮⥩  ஢  DB,    ᫥⥫쭮⥩
         ஢  ADD. -,      쬠  
           ன. ⮬  ० ᥣ   CLI,
         (CLI (Clear interrupt flag) - ⪠ 䫠 뢠).
              뢠        ய    INTEL    8086/8088
         ਭ  襭  믮  ன  .
         ᪨㥬   뢠      饬  砥  㦨
         ।⢥ ᫥ 믮 ⥪饩 .  뢠
           ਭ ⮫쪮 ⮣,  ࠧ IF (䫠
         뢠)  ॣ FLAGS  祭,  ࠢ  1.  
         ⮣,   ⮡   ய   8086  ਭ  뢠,
         室 믮 ᫥  ᫮:
              1) ࠧ  IF  ॣ  FLAGS      祭,
         ࠢ 1 ( 뢠  );
              2)  ࠧ ࠧ襭 뢠  䥩 ன⢠
          室  ﭨ "뢠 ࠧ襭";
              3) 䥩    䨪஢  ஥  ᮡ⨥,
         뢠饥   뢠   (ਬ,  㯫  ᨬ  
         ,  ⮢     뢮   ᨬ      ᯫ,
         襭   ।            ᪠     ..)
         (ਬ.ॢ.).
   ?     ,         3 ᯮ  ।⢮
         ஢ 뢠; ⠪ ࠧ    ᫥⥫쭮
         믮 ᯮ   ࢠ   .
           ⠪  ᫥⥫쭮      ࠪୠ   
         砫   㬥⮢   ⢥⢥   ணࠬ,  ᪮
         祭  ᥣ  ॣ஢  楫ᮮࠧ  ⠭
         ६  ࠡ⪮ 뢠.
                ந    ࠧ    ⢨,   
         ਫ ,  :  㧪  ᥣ  ॣ஢.  
                 MOV  (  뫪  )
         ⢫ 㧪  ᥣ ॣ஢  :
         DS,  ES    SS. 㧪  ॣ஢ ⢫ 쬠
         ।, ⮬ ⢥   ᤥ    ࠧ    砫
         ணࠬ.  (  ॣ ணࠬ CS  ⮬ 
         㦥 㦥 ( F600 : 0000, . 6.3.).
              ᫥   㯯,  饩        MOV,
         ⢫  㧪  ᥣ  ॣ஢,  ᫥ 
         , 믮騥   . ࢠ 
         -     "᪫饣 " XOR -   ॣ AL
         祭   ""   (᪮      १    ਬ
         "᪫饣  "      ࠧ 
         稭),              稭   
         ⭮ .
              ணࠬ    ᮤন    ᢥ  ⭮⥫쭮
         ᮤঠ⥫쭮 ⥯樨    権,      
         ᫥ ⠭ , 믮  㭪.
              ᫨      ᯮ      ଠ樥 
         ᮡ  ࠡ  ᨪ,    ,  ⭮,  뫮  
         ⭮,    㫥  稭,  뫠     
            ᫥⥫  ।⠢  ᮡ
         ४⥫   ।࠭騩   饭   ணࠬ.  
         㧪 饭 ணࠬ,  ᠭ    몥  ᨪ,
           ४⥫  ⠭    楫 ।饭
         뤠     .  ,  ,      ᫥  
         ।⠢ ⨭.
                ᥬ   ᬠਢ ⪠ ணࠬ,
         ⠪ ࠧ,  룫    ᫥.    ॠ
         樮      ᮣᮢ      ᮡ  ⢨  
         ⢥ ࠧ ᯠ    :    
         2-  5- ॠ   ,   6-  7-
         -  .  ।'    ⢥  ᥬ  
         ॠ쭮 ⪠ ணࠬ.

              -U F600:7E92
              F600:7E93 8A6000             CLI
              F600:7E93 8A6000             MOV       DX,0060
              F600:7E96 8EDA               MOV       DS,DX
              F600:7E98 8EC2               MOV       ES,DX
              F600:7E9A 8ED2               MOV       SS,DX
              F600:7E9C 32CO               XOR       AL,AL
              F600:7E9E A26404             MOV       [0464],AL
              F600:7EA1 B591               MOV       CH,91
              F600:7EA3 BB0000             MOV       BX,0000
              F600:7EA6 BA9A06             MOV       DX,069A
              F600:7EA9 BBF2               MOV       SI,DX
              F600:7EAB 2E                 SEG       CG
              F600:7EAC AC                 LODSB
              F600:7EAD 8807               MOV       [BX],AL
              F600:7EAF 43                 INC       BX
              F600:7EBO 42                 INC       DX
              F600:7EB1 FECD               DEC       CH

              . 6.4. ன ࠣ ४஢ ᨪ

                -  ⨣ ⭮⥫쭮 楫:   
          ண ணࠬ ,  ⠪ ஥ 
         ᫥.    㤠.  뫮    믮
         ஢  ᥣ  ᨪ,   ⢥ 
         ⪮.   㦥 稫 ।⠢  ⮬,  
         㤠  㡥,    .

              6.5.  ᨨ BIOS'

              ,   IBM/PC  ᯮ    ࠩ    
         ࠧ  ᨨ BIOS   ப  䠪⮬. 
         饬 ࠣ  ⪮ ᬮਬ 騥  
         ࠧ  業  ਬ⥫쭮  ᢮ 㦤.
                ⠢    ணࠬ,  ᠭ    ᪥ 
         ਫ    饩  ,   室      ணࠬ
         騥  騥 ணࠬ BIOS.
                    ணࠬ  뫮 㦥
         稥 ஢ ᨩ  ஢, 䠪,
             ਧ  ମ IBM.    ணࠬ
          ஢ ᢮ ⥬    ᮯ⠢  ᢮    
         㣨.
                  ணࠬ,  ᯮ㥬   襣 
         IBM/PC,  ᮢ襭묨 ( ᮤঠ騬 訡)  
           ணࠬ,  ।祭  ࠧ饭  . ᫨,
         ਬ, 㤥  訡  - ᨨ  DOS  
         VisiCalc,        ࠭  ⥬ ⮩ १
         ᪥.   ணࠬ,  ᠭ묨    ,    ⮨
         ࠧ  ᫮.      뢠  ⮫쪮 ⥬ 
         ᮢ 奬 ,  ᯮ      
           IBM/PC;         ந
         ᨫ 筮 짮⥫. 稥 訡  ணࠬ 
         ।⠢ ᮡ 쥧 ஡   IBM.
                 ⮬,     ᤥ  - 饥,
           ᮢ訢    ⮬      訡,   ।⠢
         䠭᪮  ணࠬ   ⮬ ᫥  ᪫祭. 
             ஢  IBM/PC,  ଠ   IBM   章
         室     ணࠬ  (  
         쥧 訡),  ᫮   ᨩ .
          짮⥫   ,  ᨥ ᭠饭
            祬   ⫨砥  㣮 ᨨ.
                ᠬ    ணࠬ  BIOS  ଠ  IBM   ⨫
         ६  ⬥, ⠪ 뢠 થ ᨨ.  થ
         ࠪ᪨  ᮮ⢥      樠쭮   襭
         ࠧࠡ⪨  ணࠬ .   ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ 
         ᯮ짮 ணࠬ DEBUG.  ᫥  㧪  ணࠬ
         DEBUG   D F000:FFF5  L 8.
                  ࠭    襣      㤥   ⮡ࠦ
         ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ,    થ   ᨨ:
         04/24/81. થ ன ᨨ   10/19/81. ᫨ 㤥
         㦥 થ ᨨ,  ⫨筮     ,   㤥
         ,     ᯮ ᨥ BIOS-, ⫨筮 
         㪠 .
               ਫ 6.1 ਢ ⥪  ணࠬ,  ஢饩
         થ  ᨨ  BIOS-,  ,   ᨬ    祭,
         믮饩     ⢨.    ⢨  
         ᨪ  ।⠢ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

              10 REM    뢮  ᯫ થ ᨨ 
              20 REM    ணࠬ ⮡ࠦ થ,   
              30 REM      ࠨ   
              40 PRINT
              50 DEF SEG=&HFFFF
              60 PRINT "થ ᨨ ;
              70 FOR OFFSET=5  12
              80 PRINT CHR$(PEEK(OFFSET));
              90 NEXT OFFSET

              ᫨   ਮ⥭   1981,  
           砥,   ᭠ ᫥  ᨥ  BIOS-.
         ஢ઠ  ஢,  饭  १   ᫥ ᪠
         ன  ᨨ  BIOS,  뢠,    ,  ⮫쪮   
         ᮡ࠭ ,     BIOS-.
              ,  ⭮,  ,      IBM/PC  ᮤন 
         ⠢騥:   ᨪ-  BIOS-.   ࢮ,      뫮
         㦥         ࠧࠡ⠭  ஬  ணࠬ,
          ᮤন  ,      ⢨  ࠧ稩  
         ࢮ  ன ﬨ ᨪ-.
                訡,  㦥    ᨪ,  뫨  ࠭
         ⮫쪮      ᪮  ᨩ  ᨪ.   ,   ⮡
         ᨪ-   ⠢   ,   ᪮     
         ࠧ  ᮡ 믮 ப ࠭
         ணࠬ,  ᠭ   ᨪ,    ন.
          ,      ᨪ-ணࠬ  
            ࠧ  ࠡ    ࠧ  設  ⮫쪮  -
         ࠧ   .
              ਤন         ४஢  ࠢ
         ᨪ-ணࠬ  ᪥⭮  ᨨ,  ଠ   IBM   ᯥ稫
         짮⥫   ᫥  , ᨬ
          . ᫨  - ணࠬ ᠭ      
         ਣ  ᨪ,    ᫥   ⠭ ᪥ 
         ⮩ ᨥ ᨪ.      ᨩ  ᨪ  ணࠬ
           ஢  䨪  ᮤন      
         ⮤, ᠭ   3  㦤 뢠.
                ,  ᥭ  , ᠫ BIOS;  
         ᫨     ᬮ 業 ⥯  . ᫨
          ᯮ ࢮ ।樥 "㪮⢠  孨᪮
         㦨  IBM/PC",     㡥  ⮬,  ⥪
         BIOS-,  ਢ    ਫ , ᮮ⢥ ࢮ
         ᨨ  ,    祬  ᢨ⥫  ⠪ થ ᨨ 
         ᫥  ࠭:  04/24/81.  ᫥    ⥪⮬  BIOS-
         ਢ      砭.  ࢮ,      ⮥
         砭      訡,      BIOS 
         ࠢ  ன  ᨨ.
                ,  ᥭ    BIOS-,  
         ணࠬ  ᠬ஢, ⮬᪨ ᪠ ᫥
         祭  ⠭    IBM/PC.      ணࠬ   믮
         ୠ  ࠧ ⮢ ஢ப ࠢ쭮 ࠡ
         㤮, ०  祬  짮⥫  ⢮  ""   
         ࠢ .
                     (室騩    ⠢    ணࠬ)
         ⢫  ஢  ࠢ쭮  ࠡ  㭪樨 ⠩
         ஫  .    ࠢ    ,  ᥭ 
         ⮢   ணࠬ,      ⮩   楤.   (
         ।⠢  㬥  ,    ணࠬ, 
         BIOS, ࠡ騥 ।⢥  ன, ⫨ 
            ணࠬ.  ४⭮  㭪樮஢  ணࠬ
         ஢  ன,  ⠪ ணࠬ BIOS  
         ⮭⥩    㭪欮஢   ஫㥬   ன.
         ६  ࠪ⨪  ࠢ  ᨣ,   ⠪ 
          ᮣᮢ  뢠 饥 ⢨
           䠪  ᯥ譮  襭    ணࠬ.  楫 拉
         砥  ⫠  ⠪ ணࠬ ந  ⥬ -
           ᪮   뢠 筮.  祬,
             ,  ᥭ  ⮢ ணࠬ,  
         ᬮ ᪠ 祣 ।  ᫥  ).
                  , ᥭ  ணࠬ ஢,
         ࠣ ࠧ  ணࠬ.  :  ᯥ祭
         ᫮  権 ⠩   ࠡ⪨
         ࠢ饣 뢠 .  ࢮ ᨨ  ⮣
          .
                ᫥  ,  ᫨    ⭮ 祭
           -  ࠪ᪨   ᪠뢠 
         ࠡᯮᮡ    ࠢ쭮    㭪樮饩    ⥬.
         ⠫  (뢠 ) ।⠢    
         让 .
                 ᥭ  ।⠢  ०
         ᥣ  ,  ᯮ  㭨樮  .  
         ணࠬ  , 㦨騥 㭨樮 , ।
         ,    ⠪  㭪樨  饭      砥
         ⢨    裡 ᨣ ⪫. ᫨  祭
         । ஬⪠ ६ ⠪ ᨣ  , 
         㭨樮    ணࠬ       ࠡ뢠   ਧ
         "⠩-". /- - ࢠ ६,    ஭
         ਭ । , ᫨  祭  ६
            ⢥   㣮  ஭  (ਬ.ॢ.)/.  
         ᮦ,    १  筮  ⪨ ணࠬ  
         ࠡ뢠  ਧ  "⠩-".  訡      -
         ࠧ稩  ।⠢   ⭠ ᥫ
             ⭠筮  ᫠  80  ᨬ  ""  
               ᫮   ਭ﫮      筮   (..
         ⭠筮 50).    ணࠬ    ᫮  (⠭)
         ᯮ    ⠭  筮 ﭨ 
         ⮢; ⠪ ࠧ,  ⠭  筮  ﭨ
           -ਧ  ﭨ  "⠩-" 뫨 ⠭
           㣨  -ਧ   "⮢   "   (᫮
         ⭮  "⠩-")   "訡 ⭮" (ᢨ⥫ 
          訡  ).
              ⢨ ⮩ 訡   ࠢ쭮
         ࠡ 㭨樮 ணࠬ. ᫨  ணࠬ஢
           訡 BIOS-,  ⢨ ⢥   ⥫䮭
           㤥 ਭ  訡 ⭮  (⠪
         ࠧ 蠥 ꥪ⨢ ⨪).
                訡,   㦥      ன   ᨨ
         BIOS-,   ⭮ᨫ    ணࠬ  ࠢ  ਭ஬.
         ஡,   ०, 砫  ஢ ﭨ
         "⠩-".    믮 - ࠡ  
         ਭ  室    ﭨ  "ன⢮  ";
           ⠪  ⠪  ०  ࠡ,    ਭ ᨣ
         ⢥    ࠡ뢠.  ࠢ   ணࠬ   BIOS-
             ०,    ஥  ६ 㯫
         ᨣ ⢥.  ᮦ,  ६ 뫮 ࠭  
            ⥫쭮   樨,   믮塞  ਭ஬  -
         寧 㬠  ࢠ, ࠢ    ࠭.  
         ࢮ   ।樨   BIOS-     ६  뫮    
         ॡ㥬, ⮬      ᨨ      
         ਧ "⠩-" 室  襥 ६.
              ᫥    ਭ஬    ஭㫨    ணࠬ
         প  ⥫    ⭮    ⭮ ⨯.
          뫠  ᫥⥫쭮 믮  ᪮쪨
         ,      ਢ     讬    ६
         ࠪ⨪  뢠 . ᪮  ⠢
         IBM/PC  ⥫  ⭮ ⨯ ᯮ 쬠 ।
         (.. ᫥⢨ 訡  ⥫),      
         ⭮  ࠧ ⢥.
              ᫥    ।⠢         
         짮⥫  IBM/PC,  ᯮ 梥⭮ ᪨
         .    ᥬ  ⭮,      ࠡ      梥
         ᪨  ஬    ᪮  ०  ( ⫨稥 
         ࠡ  ⥪⮢  ०)  ᨬ  뢮    ࠭  
         ०  ᮢ,    ⮬    뢮 ࠦ
          㣮  ꥪ  ᪮  த.  (  
         ஡  ᬠਢ    9, 饭 ⮡ࠦ
         ᪨  ꥪ⮢).       ।ᬮ७   ᯥ樠쭠
         ⠡,  ᮤঠ ᪨ ࠧ ᨬ ASCII  ⥬,
         ⮡   뫮 뢥   䠢.
               ࠡ 梥⭮ ᪮      ⥪⮢
         ०  ⮡ࠦ ᨬ  梥 ᪨
         ஬ 奬;  ᪮  ० ᨬ  
         ࠭  ࠢ饩  ணࠬ  ,  ᯮ饩 ⠡
         ࠧ.       ࠧ    ࢮ  ᨨ  BIOS  
         ஢  訡,  : ᨬ R$(4), 騩
         ᮪஢    ࠫ  ,      
          ᭨.  ன ᨨ BIOS-  訡 ࠭.
                    ᫥    訡  ⭮ 
         ࠧ ᪨.  稬     
         ᮡ   ࠢ쭮  ନ஢  ਧ  "⠩-"  
         ࠡ    ᨭ஭    裡  ,      訡筮
         ᠭ   樨,         訡   ⢨.  
         짮⥫ IBM/PC c㬥  ᯮ, , ᫨   
         祬 .
                    ⮫, ᪮
           㢥७   ⮬,    ,  ࠣ騥
         ᮡ  ࠡ  設 ணࠬ (  ⥫쭮
         ⥯) ᥣ   ࠧ  㬥    
         㡫.         楤,   騩  ᭮
         ᯮ,     ⢥  
          ⢫   짮⥫.

              6.6. 堭 롮ન ଠ樨  

                ࠣ  騬  ᯥ,  易  
         ⨢樥   㦥   ணࠬ   BIOS-.      
         㦨 ᯥ稢  १  堭  뢠;  
         稭,      ஡  ᬠਢ     3,
         뢠   ᪠  (믮)  ணࠬ,  
         ।⥫    ᢥ          ⮯(   
         室  ⢫ ६饭  ணࠬ).
                ਢ  ⠡  뢠,  ᯮ㥬  
         ⨢樨 ணࠬ BIOS-,  ⠪  ணࠬ,    
          ।⢥ ⭮襭.

         -------------------------------------------------------------
                      ⭠        祭
                                  
         -------------------------------------------------------------

                5                  5                    
                                                   ᮤন  ࠭
               16                 10               樨  /-
                                                     ࠭ -
                                                   
               17                 11               ஫ 㤮-
                                                   ;   ᯮ
                                                        ।
                                                   祭  -
                                                   㤮
               18                 12               ஢ઠ ;-
                                                      -
                                                   ।    ꥬ
                                                   
               19                 13               樨  /-
                                                      ⥫
                                                    ᪥; ࠧ-
                                                     樨  -
                                                   ⥫  ᪥-
                                                   ;  ࠧ -
                                                   樨     ᪥⮩
              20                  14               /뢮      
                                                   RS-232;  樨 
                                                   ᨭ஭  -
                                                   樮 -
                                                   ஬
              21                  15               /뢮   -
                                                   ⥫     -
                                                   ⭮    -
                                                   ⭮ ⨯
              22                  16               /뢮    -
                                                   
              23                  17               /뢮      
                                                   ਭ
              24                  18               㧪  ⭮
                                                   ᨨ ᨪ
              25                  19               ॣ㧪  ⥬
              26                  1               㭪樨   -
                                                   
        --------------------------------------------------------------

               ᯨ᮪ ணࠬ 㦨 ⥫ .  
         室    ⤥쭮  㭪樨 㦨  
          ᢮ ᢮ ᮡ⢥  뢠   
         -      㭪樨         祭    
         뢠, ࠧ ᢮ த ࠢ騥 뢠.
               த⨢, , ।⠢ 室, 
             뢠  뢠  㭪樮 ࠧ१,
         ᯥ稢 ⠪ ࠧ     㯯஢.  
               ࠢ塞    ⤥  뢠  
         ᭮ ࠧ 㭪権 㦨.
              ᬮ    ,    ॡ       㭪樨
         ࠧ,     騥  ⭮⥫쭮
         ᮡ⥩ ६饭   窮 맮 㭪樨 
         ᮡ⢥   㭪権.   ᫨      ᯮ  䥩
         ணࠬ, ⠢塞  ᪥   ⢥    
           ,        㤥    
         ⠫ﬨ ॠ樨  㭪樨.       ࠡ
          ⥬ 쬠 .
                 ᪫祭   ⤥  砥    ࠬ  
         뢠  ॠ  ᪮쪮  㭪権.      ।
         , 饣 㭪 ᯮ ॣ AH. 
         ।  ࠬ஢        ࠢ   ᯮ
         ॣ,   祬   ⥬   ६        
         ᯮ짮. ணࠬ 㦨 ᯥ稢 ࠭
           ॣ஢,    ᯮ㥬    । ࠬ஢;
         뢠 ணࠬ ⠪ ࠧ        
         ࠭  稭,  室  ࠧ ॣ. ᫨
         ॡ 뤥    ,  ਬ,  
             뢠    ᪥    ,  
         ।⠢ ᥣ஢ ᮢ ᯮ  ॣ
         ES  BX.
                AH,  AX  ᯮ   । ணࠬ
         㦨      १饣  ᨣ.  
               樨  訡  ᯮ 䫠
         ७  CF,      ࠢ  䫠    ᯮ.
           饣  祭  AX  ... DX ᫥ ᯮ짮
              室,  ਤন  䠢⭮
         浪.
                ᫥       ⠫쭮 ᬮਬ 
         ᫥  ⨯ 뢠    ᮡ  ࠡ  
         ॣࠬ.

              6.7. ᠭ ᯥ樠 뢠

                㦥  㯮      3,  ப  ⠡
         ஢ 뢠 ᯮ   אַ 祭 
         ࠭  ᮢ  ணࠬ  㦨  뢠 ,  
         ࠭  ᮢ    ⠡  ⥬  (᪮   
         ⠡  ࠧ   ).   ᭨ 祭 
         ⠡.
              ࢠ  ⠡  (    䨪⨢  뢠   29)
         ᮤন        ⠡    樠樨   ᯫ,
         ᯮ㥬    ஫  ࠢ      ࠭
         ᯫ.    ࠧ頥      F000: F0A4 
         砥  ⠡  ࠬࠬ.  ⠡
             ப      ப    
         ०  ⮡ࠦ:  ஬,  40-⮫殢   梥⭮,
         ⥪⮢, 80-⮫殢 梥⭮, ⥪⮢   ᪨
         ०.   ⠡ 䨪 ࠧ      
         ᯫ,  ᮮ⢥饣  ⥪饬  ०.  (஡  
          ᬠਢ   8  9).
                ⠡ 䨪 ਭ  ,  뢠
            ⮬᪮  室      ப    .
         ࠪ᪠ 짠   䨪樨  ⮩  ⠡    
         , ⮬  쭥襬  ᬠਢ  㤥.
                 ன  ⠡  (ᮮ⢥  뢠  30)
         㪠뢠  ⠡ ࠬ஢ ᪥.  ⠡  ᮤন
         ,  ।祭    ஫  ६ ࠬ஢
         ࠧ   権,   믮塞      ᪥⮩.   
         ᯮ          F000  :  EFC7. ࠧ  ᫥
         ᪠  IBM/PC ⠫ ᭮,   ६
         ࠪ⨪, ᥭ   ⠡ 쬠 ਡ⥫
             稭  ᫨誮    ࠡ   ᪮
         ⥫.  ।  ᫥ , ᥭ  DOS
         ᨨ  1.10  뫨  ,  ᭨騥  ६   饭   
         ᪮  ⥫.  ᯮ짮 ᪨ ⮤
         -     ᠬன  ᪮  樮  ⥬
         ᮧ   ⠡  筮   﫠 
           ,樠楬  뢠 30. ᪮
          믮  樨  ᪮ ந 饭
          ⮩ ⠡,   ᫥      ,  ⨢
         ⠭     ⠡.   7 (饭 ᠭ
         ᪮ ⥫)  ᬮਬ ⠫, 易   ⮩
         ⠡楩  㪠 ᥭ .
                 쥩   ⠡,   砥     䨪⨢
         뢠 31, 㪠뢠       ᪨
         ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬   ନ஢  ᯫ ᨬ
         CH$(128),  ...,  CHR$(255)            ᪨
         ०.   ⠭⭮   ⠡   ⮣   ⨯    
         . ᫨  ।騥 ⠡  ᥣ  室  
         ,      ⠡   .   ᪮ 
         ⠪,   뢠 㤥  ᮤঠ  㫥  祭
         (  ਧ  ⢨  ⠡)     , 
         ணࠬ     ந   ⠪   ⠡         
         ᮮ⢥騩        뢠.    祭
         ᪮  ०  ࠡ  (  9)      㢨,   
               饩,  易    ⠡楩
         樨 ᨬ.
                騥 ,  騥  ,  ࠧ  
         ᭮,          ३    ᬮ७
         ப ⥩ ⤥ 㧫 IBM/PC. ⮬  饭
            ᫥   .   筥     ᪮  ⥫,
         ᬠਢ   ⮣    ணࠬ  ந  ⠡  
               ⮩   ⠡    ᮮ⢥騩  
         뢠.

              ਫ 6.1.  ணࠬ ஢ન ⪨ ᨨ
         (᪠).

         module Listing_6_1;
         type
           string8       = string(8);
           bios_ptr_type = ads of string8;
         var
         bios_date    : bios_ptr_type;
         procedure check_rom_bios_date;
           begin
             bios_date.s :=#F000;
             bios_date.r :=#FFF5;
             if bios_date^='04/24/81' then
               begin
               end
             else
               begin
               end;
           end;
         end.