                          5.   

              ᪥  ⠫    ⮫쪮  ⠭,        ᠬ
         ࠭ ⥫ ணࠬ    ᮭ
         ஢.  ⮩     ਢ    室
         ᢥ  ᪥,  ᮡ  ਧ樨. ஬
         ⮣,  ᬮ - 㧭    ஢.
                ਠ, ਢ  饩 , ⭮
           ᥬ  ஢   I/,   ᮢ⨬묨      
         ࠬ,    ⠪    ᥬ ࠬ, ࠡ騬 
         ࠢ 樮 ⥬  S-DOS.  㣨  
          ᯮ짮 㣨 ࠧ ᪥  ଠ .
               㦥 㪠뢠  ।饩 , 稭  ᨨ
            2.00,   祭      ⥬  ᪥    ⨯
         ⢫  쭮  .   奬   믮   ⮩
         楤  ।,     ⨯ ᪮ ᯮ
         ⠪   ࠧ,      ᪥,    뫨  室
         㯭      IBM/PC.   ⥫쭮,      ଠ,
           ⮩ ,   ਬ      ⥬  
         ᪮ ன⢠,      ⥬,
           ᪫祭    ᥫ,     ᯥ᪨
         㭪樨.

                  5.1. ன⢮  譨⭮ ᪠ (᪥)

               ᪨,  ⭮,   ⥫
          譥  ᮭ ஢,  IBM/PC.
           ࠧ 㤮, 業  ᮪   筮  
         ᯫ樨.  ⭮ ஦  饭  ᪥
         祭  । .   ⮬ ᪥ ⠫ 
           ⥫   ଠ樨         
         ஢   IBM/PC.     ⢥,    ଠ  
         ⨫  ᪥⠬, 롨 ⥫ ଠ樨  ᢮
          IBM/PC.
              ⪮ ᬮਬ,  ᮡ ।⠢ ᠬ  ᪥.
         (  奬  ਢ   .5.1.) ᪥ ।⠢
         ᮡ 㣫  ᮪    ⨪,    
         ᫮,  騬  ⨥  㣨   
         ⥫,  ਬ,     .      ᪨,
         ᯮ騥      ,  ⠢ 
         ⪨ ⠫᪨  ⨭,      ᪥  ᯮ
           ⨪ 㦪,     ୮ 
         ""  "䫮" - ᪨. ,   ᪨ 뫨 ᤥ
         , ⥫쭮 㬥訫 ⭮  ० 
         饭        ⥫쭮    ।  
         ᯥ.
              㣫        ⨥  ᥣ 饭 
          ।࠭⥫ . ७  孮
         ⮣         ᫮      -
         ਠ, 騬   ᪥.    㦨    
         祭 㤠஢, ⠪   㫠 뫨.
                 ।࠭⥫   ,      
         ⭮ 稭 ࠪ᪨  ᥣ      梥,
               ⢥,          ᢮
         ᮡ⢥ 祭. ⢥⨥  業 ।祭  
         墠  ᪥  ਢ  ᪮.  १    ⢥⨥
         堭 ᪮ 墠뢠   ,  ⮡  ਢ
           饭.
              ஥   ⢥⨥        ।࠭⥫쭮    
         ।⠢   ᮡ  த  १,  १  
         ⢫   ᪥  ⥭/.  १
            १   ⢫      ⥭     
         ଠ樨.
               ⢥⨥ ।⠢  ᮡ    
            業ࠫ쭮  ⢥.    ⢥⨥    
          ᫥  訬  ⢥⨥    ᠬ
         ᪥. ᭮ ⢥⨥ ᯮ  㪠 砫
           ஦  ᪥.   ᭮  ⢥⨥  㦨
            ।   窨       ⥭    
         ଠ樨.᫨       ᭮  ⢥,
         ஦  ୨  ᪥    ,    
         ᮢ  ⢥⨥  .  ᪥ ⠪  ⨯,
           ᯮ   IBM/PC,  ⢥ ⢥⨥ 
         ⨪ 㦪.
              ⢥⮥  ⢥⨥  -  ⭠  १      
         ।࠭⥫쭮    -  㦨    ⢥ ਧ
          . ࠪ᪨   ⥫  ᯮ
               ਧ      . ᫨  १
         ,           ᪥      믮
         ᪮,  ᫨      ,    ᪥ 饭 
         .        ᪥       ⠪
         १,       ᪫砥    砩
         ࠭ ᠭ   . ⢨ १ 
            ࠪ୮         ᪥      ணࠬ
         ᯥ祭  IBM/PC,    ⭮,    ᠬ   樮
         ⥬   .     ᪥  뢠    ᯥ樠
         ᪮,  ਧ  .
               ᫥, , ,   १  
                 ᢮  ᪥   砩
         ࠭.    १    ⮫쪮     ⮬,   
         ࠢ쭮  ࠡ騩  ᪮    㤥  믮
           ⠪ ᪥. ࠢ  ᪮    
           㣮, ᨬ    ⢨ ਧ
         . 筮, ⭮       ⠪
         ࠧ,      ந.

                 5.2. ଠ ࠭ ଠ樨

                  ᪥  ࠧ  "஦". ஦ -
           㦭  孮 ᪥,  ࠧ饭
            ।   ﭨ      業ࠫ쭮  ⢥.
         ⠭ ଠ ᪥  IBM/PC  40 ஦.
                  ஦   ࠧ      ,   뢠
         "ᥪࠬ"    "ﬨ".     ।⠢   ᮡ
         ᭮    ࠭ ଠ樨  ᪥.  ⥭
           ன⢮ 뢠  뢠  ᥣ  楫
         ᥪ,   ᨬ      ꥬ  訢  ଠ樨
         ᬮ   ⢨ ࠭祭.    ,  筥  
         ணࠬ,     ࣠뢠  ᢮      
         ந쭮 ࠧ,   ᪮ ᥣ ࠡ 
         ᥪࠬ, ,  ࠢ,   짮⥫.
              ନ ""  ᯮ  ⮬  ᫥, 
           "ᥪ".    㤥  ⠢   ᫮   ""   
         祭  ᪨    ࠭  ଠ樨  
         ணࠬ   ᯮ짮  ᫮  "ᥪ"    祭
         䨧᪮  ࠭ ଠ樨  ᪥.
                  ࠧ    ஭ ᪥,
         ⠪    ஭. 奬 ࠧ饭 ᥪ஢   ᪥
           . 5.2.
                㦭    ࢠ      
         ନ.  ᪥      ஭;  
         ஭  40 ஦;  ᥬ ᥪ஢  ஦   512
               ᥪ.     ?  ⮩ 
         㤥  ᯮ짮  ᯮᮡ  㬥樨,  ਭ    
         㪮⢠    "",    ᪮쪮 ⨢稢.
         ஭ 㬥  0   1,  ஭  ᪥  
         ⮫쪮  ஭   ஬ 0 . ஦ 㬥  0  39 ;
         祬 ஦  0  室    ᥣ    譥  
         ᪥,     ஦  39      業.  砫  ᪥
         室  㫥 ஦. ,  宦    ⮡
         ᤥ   祬- ⫨騬, 㬥  1  8. 
         ࠧ,  ᥪ ᪠   1  ᯮ 
         㫥 ஦ 㫥 ஭.
                    ᥪ   ࠧ      
         ந쭮. ᫨ 짮  ᬥ饭ﬨ,      ࢮ
          ᬥ饭 㤥 ࠢ ,  ண - ,  ⠪
         .  쭥襬   㤥          
         ᬥ饭  (稭  0), ⠪   浪  (稭
          1),   ⭮ 砥 㤥 㤮.
                ᪥  । ᫥⥫쭮
         ,          ,      ᯮ      ⮩
         ᫥⥫쭮. ᫥⥫쭮  稭    ᠬ
         ࢮ  ᥪ    ᪥,     ᫥ ⠫
         ᥪ ⮩  ஦ (㫥)  ண    쬮.  
         ஭  ᪥      ᥪ஬  㫥 ஭
         ᫥  ᥪ ⮩  ஦,  ࢮ ஭.  
           ஭, ⠪   ஭ ଠ ᪥ 
         ᫥  ᥪ஬    ஦  ᫥     ᥪ
         ᫥饩 ஦.
              ,   ⭮,   㦥  ⨫,      ஭
         ᪥  ०  祬   室      ।   ஦,
           ஭,  ⠪    ᯮ   ஦ 
          ஭,  ०  祬  ⥬  ३    ᫥饩
         ஦.     ࠧ,  砥,      뫮  
         ᯮ짮      饭        ⭮    ᥪ
         ᫥⥫쭮    ஦-஭-ᥪ,            -
         ஭-஦-ᥪ, ᪮  ᯮ    
         ⠪ 浪.   ,   㪮⢠  ""
         筮 㪠뢠 ᥪ,  ஭,  ⮬  ஦,  
         ⮬    ᥪ     ⮦ 㤥 짮 ⠪ 
         ᫥⥫쭮.

              5.3.  ᪥  ஡   ஢

                 ᪥  뢠  ⥫쭮  ,  祬
         ᯮ ᥬ⢮ ஢  IBM/PC.  ᬮਬ  
         ⨯,  ⮡    ,      ᯮ 
         IBM/PC.
                  ᪨          ࠧ஢.
         訩  ଠ    203  (8 ),  訩 -
         133   (5,25  ).    訥  ⠪  뢠
         "-䫮",  ஬  89    (3,5  ), 祭 
         ⢥  㯠  ,  ண  ,      
         ᪠.
                 IBM/PC,    設  ᮭ
         ஢, ᯮ -᪨  ஬  133    (5,25
         ),    IBM Displaywriter (쭮   
          ᢮ ࠪ⨪) ᯮ 訩 ଠ.
                  ࠪ⨪  ᪥,  ⭮
         .       ᮭ   ஢   ᯮ
         ࠧ  ⭮  ,    ନ 
         ᥣ ⭠.  ⠭  ᪥,  ᯮ㥬  IBM/PC,
           ⭮  ,  뢠  ,  
         뢠   뢠  40  ஦      孮
         ᪥. 㣮 ᯮ騩 ଠ 뢠 ⢥७
         ⭮,   ⮬   ࠭⢥      80
         ஦.    ⭮   砥  ⢥
         ஦  .  ⭮,  ଠ쭠    IBM/PC,
         ⠢  48  ஦      (48  I),   ⢥७
         ⭮ ⠢ 96 ஦   (96 I).
                ᯮᮡ ࠧ  (ࠧ⪨)  ஦  
         ᥪ.    뢠 䨪஢  ,
          ன - ணࠬ. ᫨ ࠧ ᥪ    ⪮  
         ।  堭᪨  ࠪ⨪  ன⢠, 
         ⠪ ࠧ⪠ 뢠  䨪஢.    䨪஢
         ࠧ⪥      ⢥,   ᯮ    ,
           砫    ᥪ  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  
             ᪥  筮  ।.  ୠ⨢ 
         ⠪ ࠧ⪨ 㦨 ணࠬ ࠧ⪠.
                 ⠭   ᪮   ᮭ   ஢,
         ࠧ஬ 133  (5,25 ), ᯮ ஦  ᪥ 
         ᫮ ஭ ।  ࠪ⨪  ᠬ  ᪮  
         ᪮  ,    ,    묨. ,
         ⢮ ᥪ஢    ஦      ࠧ  ।
         ணࠬ,    ଠ஢.  ⮬ 
         ᪨  뢠  ᪠    ணࠬ  ࠧ⪮  ᥪ஢
         (soft-sector).   ଠ஢   (।  ࠪ⨪
         ᥪ஢) 믮  ணࠬ 樮  ⥬,
           ⥬ /뢮 (BIOS).
                ᥪ  133   ᪠, ন ⥬
         BIOS,  ⠢ 128,  256,  512,    1024  .  
         (ᨩ  1.-3.1)  ਥ஢   ᯮ짮 ᥪ஢,
         ࠧ஬ 512 .
                ࠭    ᯮ짮 ࠭祭 ᫮
         ᪮  ଠ⮢.  稭    ᨨ  2.00         
         ᫥  ᯮ    ᭮ ଠ. 稥
          ଠ⠬ । ᫮ ᯮ㥬 ஭ ᪠
           ᫮ ᥪ஢  ஦: -  ஭  
         8  9 ᥪ஢  ஦.

           ---------------------------------------------------------------
           祭  -  ⢮     ⢮        ꥬ
                        ஭  ᥪ஢         ஦         ()
           ---------------------------------------------------------------
                S-8       1         8              40              160
                D-9       2         8              40              320
                S-9       1         9              40              180
                D-9       2         9              40              360
           --------------------------------------------------------------

              稭 ⢮ 票 ࠧ ଠ⮢ ,
         ଠ        㢥७,      ᨨ    ᬮ
         ন ணࠬ, ࠧࠡ⠭  , ᠬ ࠭
         ᨩ.
                  IBM/PC ᭠頫 ஭ 
         ᪠.  ᫥⢨  砫  ᪠   ᪮   
         ஭ ᪮.
                ࠭          ஦ ࠧ頫
         ᥬ 512- ᥪ஢,    ⮩    ஦  
           ࠧ   .  ⠭,  筮
          ࠧ   ஦    ᥪ஢,  ᫥  祣
         ᥪ ଠ ⠫ ⠭.
              祭  ᫠  ଠ⮢  ᭮  易   ࠧ⨥
         樮   ⥬   .   ࢮ砫쭠      
         ন  ᥣ  ଠ,   稫  S-8.
          ᫥饩 ᨨ  ଠ D-8.     2.00  뫨
         祭  ᥪ  ଠ  S-9   D-9.  ᨨ 2.10
          ଠ⮢  ,        3.0    祭
         ଠ  ⢥७ ⭮ ,  㤥 ⪮
         ᬮ७ ᪮쪮 .
              ப ਬ 稫 ⮫쪮   ଠ:  S-8  
         D-9.  ଠ  S-8    訬 騬 ⥫,
          ࠤ樮 ᯮ   ᪨  ணࠬ,  
         ࠭  뢠   ᨨ .

                ଠ  ⢥७ ⭮ 
                ----------------------------------------

                ⥫  㦥 ୮ ⨫ ,  
         ⠭ ଠ   ⢮  ஦.  
            ଠ ᯮ  40 ஦.  易 
         ⥬,    ᪮,       ᯮ짮訥   
         ᥬ⢥  設  IBM/PC,  ࠧࠡ뢠   ⥭/
         ப  ஦.    ᪮    133-  ᪠  
         ࠪ᪨    ᪮    89-  (3,5  )  ᪮
           뢠  80  ஦.    稫   
         ன    ⢥७ ⭮ . । ଠ⮢,
         ᯮ      ⠪      ன⢠,      襥
         ࠭ 稫 ଠ QD-9  QD-15.

         _______________________________________________________________
          祭     ⢮     ⢮   ⢮  ꥬ
                            ஭       ᥪ஢      ஦   ()
         _______________________________________________________________

               QD-9        2              9            80           720
               QD-15       2             15            80          1200
         _______________________________________________________________

              ଠ  QD-9  ⫨砥   D-9 ⮫쪮 㤢 ᫮
         ஦.  ଠ  QD-9    ᥣ   ᯮ      
         ⠭  133-  ᪮,     89- (3,5 ) -
         ᪮. ᪮    ⢥७  ⭮    
             筮  IBM/PC  ⠭
         ன⢠, ᫨        ᮮ⢥騩  ࠩ.
         ।,      ଠ 㤥 ᯮ짮 祭
         ப  ᠬ 襬 饬.
              ଠ 让  QD-15, ᯮ㥬   
         IBM/PC    ,          80  ஦   15
         ᥪ஢, ࠧ஬ 512 .   ⠫    
         ᯮ짮      ᯥ樠 ᪥, ⭮
         ⨥  ⫨砥  筮. 쪮    ᫮
         ᯮ짮    ᪮    ᯥ樠  ᪮ 
         ਬ ⠪ ଠ.

                  ଠ ⪮ ᪠
                  ---------------------

              ⥫  ⪨  ᪠ 让  ,
         ⠪    10-  ⪨       
         20-   ,  ᮡ⢥ ଠ,
           室 ⠭ ᮡ.
                      䨧᪨    ᪨  ଠ.
         ᪨ ଠ ᪠ । ࠧ ᥪ ( ),
         ᫮  ᥪ஢    ஦  (    樫 -  ⪨
         ᪮), ᫮ ஦ (樫஢)  ᫮ ஭. ᪨
         ଠ  ᪠  ।  ᯮᮡ  ࣠樨  ଠ樨 
         ᪥  䨪 ࠧ饭 ଠ樨 ࠧ ⨯.
               ⫨稥     ᪮,  䨧᪨    ᪨
         ଠ    ⠭      ଠ஢
         ᪥, ⪨ ᪨ 㯠  ॡ⥫  ।
         䨧᪨   ଠ⮬,    ⠭    
         ⮢  ᪠.  ᪠    ⪮   ᪠
         ⠭ 짮⥫, 祬    ᤥ
         ०  祬   筥   ᯮ짮   ᪠   樮
         ⥬.⠭  ᪮   ᪠ 믮 
          ⠯. -, ⪨    ࠧ    ,
                 ᯮ짮 ᢮ 樮
         ⥬.   ,            ⥩   室
         ଠ஢        ᮮ⢥⢨      ॡﬨ   ⮩
         । ⥬,  ன  ।祭.

                ᪨ ଠ ⪨ ᪮:
         ______________________________________________________________
                        ᫮     ᫮        ᫮         ꥬ
                ஭    ᥪ஢     樫஢       ()
         ______________________________________________________________

                           4          17          306           10
                           4          17          615           20
         ______________________________________________________________

              ୥ ⥯     ଠ஢.    
         ᪥      뢠   뢠 ந쭮.
         室  ࠬ      ᯥ樠묨   ஭묨
         ᨣ, ᠭ묨  ᪥.
                ࠬ 뢠 ଠ騬. ⮬, 
         ᪥      ᯮ짮      ଠ஢
          FORMAT 樮 ⥬ .
              ᭮   ଠ஢ ⮨   
          ⮪,   ᥪ,  㪠뢠
          ࠧ. 稢  ஡ ᯮᮡ 㯠    ,
         ࠭騬    ᪥,    㢨,       訡,
            ⥭    ,  ⮨    ⢨
          ⮪.
                FORMAT    ⮫쪮  ࠧ砥  ᥪ  ᪥,
         ନ   ⪨,  ⠪ ⠭ ।
         祭     ᥪ஢.  祭 (F6/16) 
         ᨬ   CHR$(246)  ।, ᯮ짮
          - । ᥪ  .
                  ᭮  稭   ᯮ짮   ணࠬ
         ࠧ⪨  砥, ⭮,  ᯥ祭 । 
          ஢. 樮 ⥬    뢠
           뢠  ⮫쪮  ᥪ ⠭⭮ ࠧ 512 ,
          ᠬ ᪮  ࠡ  ᥪࠬ  ந쭮
         ࠧ.      ⠪  ணࠬ,   㤥
         ᯮ짮 ।⢠   ࠡ   ᪮   㤥
         ࠭    ᢮  ଠ樨      ଠ 
         ᥪ ⠭⭮ ࠧ,       
         ⠭묨  ணࠬ  .  ⮬  砥 ᭮
         ਭ樯     ஢    IBM/PC.    
         ࠧ  ᯮᮡ      ஢,  ⮩
         砥  ᯮ짮 ᥪ஢ ⠭⭮  ࠧ.
         筮,            ଠ樨  ࠭  
         饭  ஢ ᪥  ⠭ ᥪ, 
         ᭮      ࠭   512-
         ᥪ.
              ⭮,      ࠧ ⨯ ᪥ ࠪ᪨
         ᮢ⨬.          ᪫祭   易   
         ६  ᯮ짮  -   ஭ ᪥.
         ,  ᮢ⨬ ᪥        䨧᪨
         ࠧ.   ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮 ᪥  
         ᮢ⨬      ࠧ   (ਬ,   ࠧ饭
         ࠢ筨  䠩).  -  ᪨  ࠧ稩 
          ७   ᪥  ""   
            IBM/PC,       樮  ⥬    
         樮  ⥬  /-86.    ⮣  㦭   
         ᯥ樠    ணࠬ   ८ࠧ,      ᬮ
         믮  .

              5.4.   ⠭   ⥫   ଠ樨    
          ᪠

               -  㤠 ᤥ ⮫ 
         த,        ⠭  ஬諥  ⠭⮬,
         墠뢠  ⢥    뭪      ᮡ⢥
         ꥬ  த   த  権 ⮩ த樨.
         ந諮  ਥ ⥫    ᪠  
         100    "".    ᥬ, ଠ "" ਭ﫠 
         ᪮  ⢥ ⠫ , ᪮쪮    祬-
         㤨    ⮩    ⥫쭮 ࠭ ᥪ⮢, ⮫쪮
         ᪮  ਨ      100      ""   ⠢
         ମ""  ⢥ 樠쭮 ᪮  IBM/PC.
                 ਠ ᪮  100.
         ᬮਬ  ਠ ஡.
              ன⢠    100-1   ।祭      ࠡ   
         ஭  ᪠    ⭮  (.., 
         40 ஦).  ன⢮ 室  ⠭  
         ࢮ  ᨨ IBM/PC. , ६  ७ 
         ᨨ 1.10, ଠ ""  砫  ᯮ짮  ᪮  
         100-2,  ࠡ騥 -०   ⭮,  㦥 
         ஭ ᪠,     㢥  ꥬ
         ࠭  ଠ樨.      ᬮਬ,  樮
         ⥬  ᯮ ࠧ ⨯  ᪥).  ⠢訥  
         ,   100-3   100-4, ன⢠ 騥 ࠡ
          -  ஭ ᪠    ⢥७  ⭮
         ,   ..      ஦    孮
         ᪥.
                ᮢᥬ  ⭮  襭    ""  ᯮ짮
         ஭ ᪥   ஭.  窨 ७
         쭨  ᯥ⨢      ⠪   襭   룫廊
         ࠧ㬭.      ⭮   稭   ᯮ짮
         ஭ ᪥      ᭨  業
         ᢮  ,    ⠪ ⢥ ॢ蠥 業
          譨 ஢.
                ਧ, 稤⥫    ६
          ।쭮 ᭨ 業  .  ࠩ ,
          ⢥ 㬥    ᭨  
         ࠪ᪨     ᯮ饩   ⥫ 
         ⭮ ⭮   ਬ ஭ ᪥ 
            䨪  IBM/PC.        ,  
         쥧  짮⥫,  㬠騥      ᯥ⨢,   
         ਮ 設, ᭠饭  묨 ᪠,  ⮡
          㣭 饣 窠 ᮪ 業,  ଠ  
         ࠫ       ᪮ ன⢮  
         㬥७ 業 - ன⢮  ஭ ᪠.

                  5.5. ਭ樯 ࠭ 䠩

                ᯮ짮  ࠧ  奬    ࣠樨,
         ࠭     ᪥.   奬  ᢮
         ⮨⢠    ⪨    窨   ७   䥪⨢
         ᯮ짮  ࠭⢠  ᪥, ᪮ 㯠,
         ᭮  ⢠ ࠭  .  (⨥  ⢠
         ࠭       ࠧ㬥   ⭮   -
         襭  ࠭    㤭  ⠭  ,
         ᫨  襭  ந諨.) ࠡ⪠ 奬 ࠭ 
         ⮨  ⢥  ⠭      ᯥ⮢,  
         ⨢  .
                ⮬  ࠣ  㤥 ᠭ 奬 ࠭ ,
         ᯮ㥬    MS-.  ०  祬  ३    ஡
         ᬮ७  奬  ࠭,  襬        .
         ࢮ,    ᫥  ભ,    ᯮ짮   
         ࠭  ⠭ 512- ᥪ஢. ஥. 
         ᥪ     饣  㫠  ᢮  ᥪ஢  -
           ᥪ        ᪥   १ࢨ
         (᪫祭  ⠢      ࠧ饭   ⥬
         䠩  IBMBIO.COM    IBMDOS.COM,  祬 㤥 ᪠ ).
         . । ᥪ஢   쥤 ᥪ஢,
         ࠧ    䠩    ,   믮   ᨬ   
         㦨 ᠬ  ᥪ஢  ,      堭,
         稢襣      ।  (). 
         ᫥.    ᪥    ࠢ筨     ⠡
         ᮤন, ஠ 㦨   䠩, ࠭ 
         ᪥ 䠩. ᠭ 奬 ࠭   ।
         ⢮    ࠧ  ⨯  ᥪ஢,    
          ᯮ  ࠭ ,   㣨  
         ᯥ樠쭮 祭.
               㦥 㯮  ।饩 ,    ᪥,
               ᯮ짮    ᪠  樮
         ⥬,   ணࠬ  㧪,  뢠  
         ᠬ  ࢮ  ᥪ  ᪥.  ணࠬ  㧪  ᥣ
         뢠     ᥪ    ଠ㥬  ᪥
         (᫨  ᮮ⢥騩 ० ଠ஢) ᨬ
          ⮣, 㤥   - ᯮ짮  ᪠
         ⥬.      ணࠬ  㧪  ।⠢ ᮡ
          ᯥ樠 ⨯ ᥪ  .
              ன ᯥ樠 ⨯ ᥪ ᯮ  ࠭
         ⠡ ⠡ ࠧ饭  䠩  ().      
         ᥪ, ᫥  ᥪ஬  ணࠬ 㧪. 
         ࠧ饭 䠩 㦨    樨    ᥪ஢
           ᪥.
              ⨩   ᫥ ᯥ樠 ⨯ ᥪ ᯮ
          ࠭ ࠢ筨  ᪥.  ࠢ筨  ᯮ
         ᫥    .  ࠢ筨     ࠧ ࠧ:
         ஭ ᪥     ᥪ  ࠢ筨,  
         ஭ ᪥ - ᥬ.
                  ᥪ  ᯥ樠쭮 祭  ᥬ
           ᥪ஢   ஭   ᪥         -
         ஭. Bc ⠫ ᥪ ᯮ  ࠭
         .  . 5.3   ࠧ饭      
         ⨯ ᥪ஢  ᪥.
              ࠢ筨    ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 ᯮ 
         砫  ᪥.              ।⠢
         ⨬  ࠧ饭.  ,    㯥   䠩 
         ᭠砫    ⮣  䠩    ࠢ筨,  
         ⮬    ᮡ⢥    ᪥.  ।,
         ﭨ  ࠢ筨  ᮡ⢥ 䠩   ᪥
         ⠢ 20 ஦,  , ࠪ᪨  ᪥.
         ६饭  ⥭-  ᪮   ᠬ
           樥.   ﭨ  ࠢ筨 
         ᠬ 䠩       祭    窨  ७
         ६ ࠪ⨪ ࠡ.
              ᫨    ࠢ筨 ᯮ  । ᪥, 
         । ﭨ  ᥪ஢  㬥訫    ,
         ..,  10 ஦.  㣮 ஭, ࠡ  ࠭⢮
         ,  騬      ⥩,       ஭   
         ࠢ筨,  㤥  ⥫쭮  ᫮.    樮
         ⥬  ᮭ   ஢   룮      ࠧ饭
         ࠢ筨  । ᪥ ᫨誮 , ⮡  
         ࠧ襭   ⮬ ⥫ ஡. 
         ਥ 筮 ᯮ    ⥬.
                   ஡  ᬮਬ  ࠢ筨  ᪥  
         ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩. ࠢ   ⮬    
             㤥   ,      ந   ।
         ࠭⢠  ᪥  䠩.

              5.6. ࣠ ࠢ筨

              ࠢ筨  ᪥   ᮤন   ᯨ᮪      䠩,
         室    ᪥.    ࠢ筨 ᮤঠ 
         室 ଠ  䠩,  ᪫祭  ଠ樨  
         ࠧ饭 䠩 ( ࠭  ).
                    ࠢ筨      32  .
         ⥫쭮,   512-⭮  ᥪ  頥  ஢  16
         ⮢  ࠢ筨.    ஭ ᪥ 뤥 4
         ᥪ  ࠢ筨,    ࠭  64  
         ࠢ筨.    ᥪ஢ ࠢ筨 ஭ ᪥
          ࠧ 112 ⮢.
                    32   ⮢      ࠢ筨
         ᯮ   ࠭ ଠ樨  䠩,  
          ᯮ㥬 , १ࢨ஢    쭥襣
         ᯮ짮.      ࠧ稩   ﬨ  1.00 
         1.10 砥  ᯮ짮     ,  
            ᨨ   2.00            ᯮ짮
         ࠢ筨.
                ஡  ᬮਬ         
         ࠢ筨. ⨭   ணࠬ   5.1  ᮤন   '
         ଠ⮢   몥  ᪠,    ⨭  5.3  ᮤন
         ᪮쪮  楤    ࠡ    ࠢ筨  - ⥭,
         樨   ⭮  ᪥.
              ணࠬ   DiskLook,   室         ணࠬ,
         ਫ   ⮩ , ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮡ࠦ 
         ଠ樨  ࠢ筨 ᪥.    ६  祭  ⮩
             ᯮ짮   ணࠬ, ⮡  
         祭    ࠢ筨. ᫨ ᯮ
         ணࠬ  DiskLook,   祭  ࠭ ଠ樨 
         ࠢ筨 㦭  㭪樮  F4.
                ࠢ筨 ⮨  쬨 ⥩  
          ᫥饣 祭:
                 :              ᥬ  ,
         ᯮ   ࠢ筨  ᬥ饭ﬨ  0   7
            ᮤন    䠩.  ᫨        쬨
         ᨬ,  騥 ᨬ  ஡.
              ࠢ  ଫ    䠩      頥
           ஡    ।    䠩.   ⠪ 
         䠩    ᮧ.        몥
         ᨪ,  ᪮    ࠭⥫  㦠 窨.
         ਬ, ᫥騩  ᨪ  ᮧ  䠩,
          ண ᮤন ஡:

              OPEN "AA BB.FIL"

              ணࠬ "IBM Typing  Tutor",  ᠭ    ᨪ,
         ᯮ   䠩,       ᮤন  ஡.  
         ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ᪠  䠩  ࠢ筨,  
         ᫥   ,       䠩  蠥    
         祭 ஡ -   த   ᫥  ⮣
         ஡.
              ᫨      䠩    ⭠筮
         祭 5, CHR$(229),  砥,   ࠢ筨
           ᯮ.      ,        
         ᯮ짮      䠩,  ஬  ᮮ⢥⢮ 
         ,  㦥  㭨⮦.  ஢ઠ   ண      
           ⠭ ⫨稥 ᯮ짮襣  
          㭨⮦ 䠩  (᫨  祭  ண  
           ᨬ쭮  "Z",    ᯮ짮).
          ᫥   ᯮ짮  ࠢ筨
         ᮤঠ  ࢮ  0.
              ᫥  㭨⮦  䠩      ந室 ᫥饥:
            頥  騩  (  ⮬  㤥
         ஡  ᪠  ᫥饬 ࠧ)   ᨬ 
         䠩  ⭠  5,  CHR$(229).  
         ଠ      ࠢ筨,   ᪫祭 ࢮ
         ᨬ  ,  ࠭.     ⮬,   ணࠬ
         DiskLook     ⮡ࠦ    㭨⮦  䠩,  
         ணࠬ  UnErase - ⠭ 䠩.
                  ,     ࢮ 
          䠩 -  ⭠  2,  㪠뢠
          ࠢ筨  ஢.
              E:           , 
         ᯮ  ᬥ饭ﬨ   8    10    砫  
         ࠢ筨.    ᮤন  ७   䠩.   
         砥    ᠬ  ,  ⪮  ७   
         ஡.  ᫨  䠩      ७,      
         ᮤন  ஡.
              :         ⮨           ,
         ᯮ      ᬥ饭   11      砫   
         ࠢ筨.    ਡ  ᯮ    ⠭
         ਧ "⮣" 䠩, .. ⠪ 䠩,  ண 
         㦨 묨 ணࠬ ࠡ   ࠢ筨.
               ⮣     㦠    樨  ਡ⮢
         "⮣"  "⥬" 䠩. ⠫     뫨
         ।    ࠭      ⮫쪮 稭  ᨨ
         2.00    ⠫ ᯮ짮.     ࠭
             ।  ⠭  .
              쬮      ਡ⮢    ᫮  祭 2
         ।  䠩,  ⮩,  ᫮ 祭 4,  -
         ⥬  䠩.    ࠧ,    䠩 㤥
          㫥  ਡ,  ⮣ 䠩  ਡ
           祭  2,   ⥬ 䠩 - 4,   ⮣
         ⥬ 䠩 - 6.
                 ࠡ⪠   ⥬   ਡ  ⢫
         ᨬ    ⮣,        ਡ   ࠪ᪨
         ᮢ      ᢮   㭪樮쭮   祭.   
         ᯮ짮    䠩 ⠭  ""  
           ணࠬ  ࠡ  ࠢ筨. ⥬ ਡ
         १ࢨ஢      ᯮ짮    饬,      (
         ᢥ  "")  ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬ 
         㣨 樮묨 ⥬.
                , ᫥   ᨥ  2.00  ᯮ
           .  0 (  祭) 㪠뢠, 
         䠩 㯥  ⮫쪮    ⥭.    䠩  饭  
           㭨⮦ ।⢠ .
               3 ( ᫮ 祭 8)  㪠뢠,    
         ࠢ筨  ᮤন  ⮬.  ⪠ ࠭  
          䠩    ७,    ਭ    ⮬
         砥   楫.
                 4  (  ᫮  祭  16)  ᯮ  
         㪠 ⮢ ࠢ筨, ᮮ⢥  ࠢ筨
          ஢. ᪮ ࠢ筨  ஢ ࠭
           ᪥      䠩  ,      室
         ᮡ⢥     ୥ ࠢ筨.  ⮬ 
         ᯮ  , ஬ ࠧ 䠩,     砥
         ࠢ . ⢨⥫ ࠧ 䠩 ࠢ筨 
         ஢  ।  ᮮ⢥饩 ᫥⥫쭮-
           .
                 5  (  ᫮  祭  32)  ।ᬮ७  
         祭 ᮧ १ࢭ  䠩  ⪨ ᪠.
            䠩       ᪠    ਡ  ࠪ᪨
         ᯮ.
               :      १ࢨ஢  
           ᯮ짮   饬.  ࢮ ᨨ  
            12 ,   쭥襬  ᮪⨫  10
         ,  ᯮ    ᬥ饭ﬨ  12  21 ⭮⥫쭮
         砫  ࠢ筨.
                  樨   ࠢ筨 䠩, 
           ᯮ짮    .       ࠢ筨
         室    ⨢ ﭨ (ᯮ),   
         ਭ 祭 00.  室 ﭨ  ⮣  
           ⭠  祭 F6, ⠭ 
         FORMAT.    㣨  祭  ⮣    㪠뢠   
         - ਠ  ᯮ짮.
              :                 ଠ
         16-ࠧ來  楫  ᫠    ,  ᯮ   
         ᬥ饭ﬨ  22    23 ⭮⥫쭮 砫 . 稭 
         ᨨ  1.10   ⮬    ࠭  ६  ᮧ  
         䨪樨 䠩.  ࢮ ᨨ  ࠭ ⮫쪮 ,
            뫮  १ࢨ஢ .
              設⢮ 権, ᯮ  ,  ⠪  
          ᯥ⪨ ᮤন ࠢ筨 DIR, 뤠 ६
          筮  ,  ᫮ ࠭饥      ६
          । ६  筮   ᥪ㭤.
               ६, ࠭騩  16-ࠧ來 楫 ᫮ 
         ,   ᫥饩 㫥:

                 ६ =  * 2048 +  * 32 + ᥪ㭤 / 2

               :   ⮨      ,  ࠭  
         ᬥ饭ﬨ  24    25    砫 .   ६, 
         ࠭   楫 16-ࠧ來 ᫠  , ஥
           㫥:

                  = ( - 1980) * 512 +  * 32 + 

                    ⠢    1980   2099,
         祬 ࠭    ⭮⥫ 稭  0  199.
          ଠ   ⭮⥫   127 (
           ᮮ⢥  2107  ),  ணࠬ      
         ࠡ    ⮫쪮  2099. , ࠢ,  ,
           㤥 ᯮ짮 ⠪ .
                ଠ,  ⠪    ࠧ饭       ६
         ࠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡   ࠧ뢠 
         塠⮢  , ஥  ᯮ짮  
         ࠢ. 筮          
         ६    ᮮ⢥       ࠧ.
         ਬ,    ࠧ      ⠢    
         ᯮ짮 ᫥騥 , ᠭ  ᪠:

                  := 1980 + _ div 512
                  := (_ mod 512) div 32
                  := _ mod 32

                    :    塠⮢  ,
         ᯮ    ᬥ饭  26,  27    砫   ,
         ᮤন   16-ࠧ來   ᫮,   饥   ᬥ饭  
         砫쭮 窨 䠩    ⠡  ࠧ饭  䠩  ();
         ஡    ⮬  ᪠   ᫥饬 ࠧ. 砫
             ࢮ    ࠭⢠      
         ᪥.
                  :      ⮨    ⮢,
         ࠧ饭  ᬥ饭ﬨ  28   31    砫  .
            䠩           ࠭    ଠ
         塠⮢  楫  ᫠    ,  ஥   
         ᬠਢ    塠⮢ ᥫ.  䠩 
         ᥣ 㪠뢠 筮 ᫮ ⮢.      䠩  
             ᮮ⢥⢮ ࠧ 䠩  ᥪ.( ᫨
          - 稭   ⠪,   楤    CHKDSK
         ᮮ  訡  ⠭ ࠢ .)
                ணࠬ  䠩,  ।⠢  ଠ ⨯
         ".COM"   䠩, ᮧ   䨪஢ ,
         ⮫쪮    ࠧ  䠩   筮 ।, 
         室  .      䠩  祭    
         ࠧ 䠩 ࠭  筮  .
                䠩   㣨 ଠ⮢ ⠪ 筮 
         易⥫쭠  ࠧ 䠩, 㪠  ᮮ⢥饬 ,
           ⫨    ⢨⥫쭮.      
         砥   ⥪⮢묨  䠩,      ᠭ  
         ࠧ  5.9.    ⮢  䠩     ASCII  થ
         (ਧ)  䠩,  ࠭騩    ᠬ  䠩,  
         䨪       .    ⮩  稭  
         ணࠬ,  ࠡ騥    ⥪⮢묨  䠩,     ᫨誮
           ࠭ ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ 䠩.
              ਬ,  ᫨  ணࠬ  ନ  ⥪⮢ 䠩 
         ⭮,    128  ,      ।  ࠧ
         䠩    筮   127 .  ணࠬ ।஢
         ⥪⮢ ⥫쭮 䥪⨢     뢠  
         訬  ,  祬      ⭮.   室
          쭮  ࠭      ᫥  
            祭  ࠧ  䠩,    ࠩ  ,  
         ⥪⮢ 䠩.

              ࠢ筨  ஢
              ---------------------------

                ⨯ ࠢ筨: ୥  ࠢ筨
            ஢.   ন      ࠪ   ᯮ짮
         ࠢ筨  ⨯    -    㣨
         ࠭    䠩    ᢥ     ᯮ 
         ᪥. , ࠪ⨪  ࠢ筨  ࠧ.
         ୥   ࠢ筨   (      ࠢ筨)   
         䨪஢ ࠧ    ࠭    ।    
         ᪥.   ࠢ筨    ஢    
         ୥ ࠢ筨   ࠭     䠩  
               ᪥.  ࠢ筨   ஢ 
         ᯮ짮  ᨥ , ᫥饩  ᨥ 2.00.
              ࠢ筨    ஢  ࠭     ࠭⢥
           ᪠     䠩. ଠ   ᮤন
         ࠢ筨    ஢  ⠪          ୥
         ࠢ筨,    ⮩    ࠧ楩,   ࠧ ࠢ筨
           ஢    ࠭祭.  ࠢ筨    ஢
         ᥣ 易  ஦騬 ࠢ筨,   
          ୥ ࠢ筨, ⠪  ࠢ筨   ᮪
         ஢.
                ஦饬  ࠢ筨  ᥣ    
         ࠢ筨  ஢,⫨騩  筮  
         ⠭  ⮬  4    ਡ⮢  㫥 祭
         ࠧ  䠩.  ⢨⥫  ࠧ   ࠢ筨   
         ।,   ᫥    楯    ⠡  ࠧ饭
         䠩.
                ᮧ  ࠢ筨      ஢      
         뤥    ,      ⢥  䠩
         㪠 窠   窨 ( "."  "..").
                 窮 ⭮  ⮬ ࠢ筨,  
               窠  -   ஦饬 ࠢ筨.
           砫  ஢          㪠뢠
         ᮮ⢥⢥   ⮯   ᠬ  ࠢ筨    
         ஦饣.
              ᫨     砫쭮         ஦饣
         ࠢ筨  ࠢ  ,    ஦騬   ୥
         ࠢ筨.
                 ࠧ   䠩   㬥蠥,      頥
         ᢮襥      ᪥   騩 . , ᫨
         ଠ  䠩 ࠭  ࠢ筨  ஢,  
         ᢮襥   㤥 ᯮ짮,   㤥
         㭨⮦   ࠢ筨.

              5.7   饭  ()

              楤  ।  ࠭⢠   ᪥
          䠩 ॠ   ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩
         ().  ᯮ짮          ᮤন
         ।⠢   ᮡ         -  ᫥⥫쭮,
         室  ஥    ஡ ࠧ᭥. ᭮
         ਭ樯  ࣠樨    砥    ᮧ  ⠡,
             ன  ᮮ⢥     
         ࠣ ᪮ ࠭⢠, 뤥塞 䠩. 
         ⠡  ᮤঠ  ਧ         
         ᢮        ⢥    䠩.  㯭 
         ᢮  ⠡ ᮤঠ 㫥 祭. ⪨
         ࠭⢠    ᪥,  ਭ騥  䠩,  易  
         楯.   ࠢ筨 䠩 ᮤন   
         ,    ᮮ⢥  ࢮ  ⪮, 뤥
           䠩.      ᮤন   ᫥饣
         䠩    ⠪ ,   㤥 ⨣ ᫥ ⮪
         䠩.    ᫥    䠩 室 ਧ
          䠩. 奬 ⠪ ࣠樨 ࠦ  . 5.4.
                     奬 . ᬮਬ ⥯ 
         ஡.
              -,  ᬮਬ  뤥塞 ࠭⢠
         .  ஭ ᪥ ࠭⢮  뤥  
           ᥪ.    ஭ ᪥ 뤥 
         ࠧ   ᥪ.    ᫨      室    
         ᥪ,      ꥤ  ᫥⥫  ᥪ.  
         ஭ ᪥  ⮨  ⭮    ⭮
         ᥪ஢      ⮩    ஦.    ࠧ, 
         ஦ ஭ ᪥ ⮨   ஢ 
           ஭   ᥣ 쬨 ஢.   
         室 ᥪ 1  2,  ன - 3  4  ⠪   .  (᫨
              ᪨  襩  ,      㤥
         ࣠  襣 ࠧ.  ⢥⮩  㦥
         㯮,    ᪨   BIOS ணࠬ
         㦨 ன    ᨩ, 稭   ᨨ
         2.00.   ᠭ   ⮤       ᪮
         ன⢠, ᪠ ࣠  㤥 ᮢ⨬ 
         ᯮ㥬묨 ᪥⠬.  㣨 ࠪ⨪, 
             ன,  㪠    ᫮
         ᥪ஢  .)
              뤥    ஭ ᪥ ᥪ묨
         ࠬ      樮,      拉
         砥  䠩  㤥  ᯮ짮   ࢮ  
         ᥪ஢.  ,  ࠭⢮    ஭  ᪥
                 祬   ஭. 뤥
         ࠭⢠ ࠬ  訬    ᥪ  
         ࠭  㢥祭 ࠧ஢ ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 
         ᯮ짮 ᪥     ࠧ஢.
                ᪥ 稭 ࠧ  ࠢ筨 
                 ᪥.   
           2 (祬  ⠪,  ᥩ  ).    .
         5.5 ࠦ ᯮ ஢    ஭
         ᪥.
                ஭, ⠪     ஭  ᪥
         ࠭      .    室    ᥪ 2  3
         㫥 ஦  㫥  ஭.  ।,    
               . ࠭  ஢ 
         ।⠢  ᮡ    ।஦,  易  
         让      ଠ樨,   ᮤঠ饩    ⠡.
         ⠭   祭   ࠢ筨      
         ⠭ ० .
                ࠭         
         䠪஢, ⠪  ⥯   ०  ᪥,
         ⥯ ᮢ襭⢠ ணࠬ  䨪 짮⥫,
         믮 楤 ⠭ ଠ樨. ᨨ  ,
         ।⢮訥 ᨨ 2.00,  砫 ᯥ樠 ।
         ⠭ ଠ樨  ᪠.
                ,   뤥  ᥪ  ⮫쪮
          ⮣ ⮡ ࠭   ,  ᪮쪮    ᯥ祭
           㢥祭 ⮩ ⠡  饬. , 筮,
            㢥稢    ᪮筮,      ᥪ
          㢥  ꥬ .
                ஡ ᬮ ஢ . ⮩
          뢠,     ᪥  頥    300
         ஢.     ࠭  㣮
          ,  ᨬ ,   ࠭ 
             - 255, ᫥⥫쭮,    
           .  㣮 ஭,    512-⭮  ᥪ
               300  ⮢      
         .  襭 ⮩ ஡  뫠  ࠧࠡ⠭  쭮
         ᫮   奬   ଫ   ⮢         
         ⭠ ,  ..          (12
         ࠧ冷).
              奬   ࠭  ᥫ      ࠡ  
         룫廊  쭮  ࠭,      設  몥   
         ॠ 祭 .
                  ࠭  ᢮稢 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
         ᫥⥫         ࠧ       ,
         쥤騥   1,5 ⮢ 祭,  ᫥⥫쭮
             ⮢           /   ᯮ
         ⥪ୠ  ᮡ  ய஢    "⥫",
         易  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠭ ⤥  ⮢  
         設   ᫮   (ਬ..)/.      祭  祭,
         ࠭饣        ஬  ,  㦭  믮
         ᫥騥 ⢨: ᭠砫 室 㬭   1.5 (
         ⮣ 믮 㬭  3   ᫥騬    
         2), ⥬ 祭 ᫮ ᯮ  ⢥ ᬥ饭 
         .
              塠⭮  ᫮,  ࠭饥    㪠   
         㦠    ॣ.     ॣ 室 
         ⭠ ,  室 ⮫쪮   . ᫨
               ,   㦭  ᫥
         ,  ᫨   -  .  ᫨  ᠭ    
         ᮢᥬ  ⭮,ﭨ    .  5.6,  ࠦ
          㯠  ᯠ  ⮢ , 믮塞
         .
              .5.7  뢠      ⮬ ,  
          ࠭  ᪥,     ⠡.  ९뢠
             ,  ࠭   室, 㯠 ଠ.
           ,      .5.7,  ।⠢   ᮡ
           .
              ⮡  㢨      室  ,   ᯮ
         ணࠬ  DEBUG  DISKLOOK  뢠   ᪥.
          ணࠬ DEBUG  ஡ ᪠    6,    
         ਢ  ,  㦭   뢠 :

                 L0011
                 DOL200

               ࠡ  ணࠬ Disklook,  㭪樮
          F7  롮 ᥪ,   ஦ 0, 
         ᥪ 2, ᫥ 祣   F6  ⮡ࠦ ᥩ
         ⠡.
              ⨭ ணࠬ 5.1 뢠  ।    몥
         ᪠  ⮩  ,    ன    ࠭  ᪥.
         ⨭  5.3  砥   ᪮쪮   ணࠬ      ⥭,
         ஢  㦨 .
              ᯮ,    㬥  ஢ 稭  2. 
         砥,      ( ࠬ 0   1)  
         ᯮ  ࠭ ଠ樨  ࠧ饭 . 
         १ࢨ஢    ࠭  祭    ଠ樨   -
         ᢥ    ଠ  ᪥.   ଠ ࠭  ࢮ
          . ⢥⢨  ࠧ ଠ⠬ ਢ  
         ᫥饩 ⠡:

                              
                      _________________________

                         D - 8          FF
                         S - 8          FE
                         D - 9          FD
                         S - 9          FC
                         QD - 9         F9
                         QD - 15        F9
                      _________________________

              ࠢ騥  ணࠬ  ।  ଠ ᪥ ⥬
         ⥭  ࢮ      .   ணࠬ,   室   
         㧮筮  ,  頥       ⮣, ⮡
         ।  室  ⥬  䠩,  IBMBIO.COM  
         IBMDOS.COM.   ⨬ 易 ࠧ  㧮 ணࠬ
          ᨨ 1.00  ᨨ 1.10.
               䬥᪨  ᫥  뢠,    
         ஭  ᪥  室 313 ᥪ ஢
         ( 2  314),   ஭ ᪥ - 315 ᥪ
         ஢.    ஭ ᪥ ⠪ ᫮ 砥
         ⠭    饣  ᫠    320  ᥪ஢   1   ᥪ
         㧮筮  , 2 ᥪ஢   4 ᥪ஢ ࠢ筨.
           ஭  ᪥,    饣  ᫠  640  ᥪ஢
         ⠥  1  ᥪ  㧮筮  , 2 ᥪ   7
         ᥪ஢  ࠢ筨,      630   ᥪ஢      315
         ᥪ  ஢.    512-⮢ ᥪ 
         ࠧ 340 ⮢ , ⠪      ᥪ஢  
         ⠥  ᢮ .
                ⨭  ணࠬ  5.3 ਢ 楤  몥
         ᪠,  ࠡ騥    .     楤      
         ᯮ짮      ணࠬ.  祭  
          ࠧ       ᯮ짮.
                  ,   ᠥ  .    ⮩  ⠡
         ᯮ  ।   ᯥ樠쭮 祭. 
           㦥  ,  ᯮ㥬        ⬥砥
         㫥  祭  ᮮ⢥饣 .  祭
          ⠡    2  314  (  ஭
         ᪥)      316 ( ஭)  ⨬
         㪠⥫    ।      楯窥,   뢠饩
         ࠧ饭  䠩.  ᥬ  祭,  
         ࠭   , ⭠ ᫠   FF8  
         FFF         4088    4095,  ᯮ  
         祭  楯窨 ᠭ.  室 ᥣ 
             䠩, १ࢨ ᥬ   砩, ᫨
           室    -  ७.   ᥬ
         ⭠    FF0  FF7    4080
            4087   ⠢       祭    ᮡ    ⨯
         १ࢨ஢ ஢, ਬ, ஢  䥪묨
         ᥪࠬ.
                孮  ᪥      ⪨  
         䥪⠬  ⭮  ,      䥪⨢
         ᯮ짮  ࠭ .    
         ६ ଠ஢ ᪥  ᪫  ᫠ ⥩,
           ᯮ짮  쭥襬.    ࢮ  ᨨ
           1.00,   䥪 ᥪ ଫ﫨   ⮣
         䠩      "badtrack.".  稭    ᨨ    1.10
         ᯮ   ⮤.
              祭   4087 (  ⭠筮  FF7)
         ᯮ    祭 ᯮ㥬 . 
           ⮨  ⠪  ⮤  ⪨  䥪  ஢
         砥     ⮬,      ᯮ  譨  
         ࠢ筨. ணࠬ DiskLook    ᯮ짮  
         ।  筮  䥪 ᥪ஢  ᪥,
         祣  ᤥ ⠭묨 ।⢠ .
               㣨 祭 ⮢ ,  314 ( 316) 
         4080,  ⨬묨.
               ࣠樨    । 䥪.
            䥪 -  "ਧ"  
         ४騢騥  䠩. ᫨   ᮤন 祭,
         㪠뢠饥,     ᯮ  (祭    ࠢ
         )  ,     ६,    室    
         楯祪 । ࠧ饭 䠩,  ⠪    
         ⠭      "ਧ".   ஬ 砥, 
           ⠪,           ࠧ   楯窨,
         ।騥  ࠧ饭  䠩, ਢ    ⮬ 
         .      䠩   뢠    ४騢騬.
         ⠭⭠   ணࠬ    DSK  㦨    ⨯
         襭           頥   "ਧ"
            騩  ᢮  㯭  ᯮ짮
         ஢.
              "ਧ"      ᥣ  ,  
         ணࠬ  稭  ᮧ  䠩  (⠪         
         뤥 ),   뢠 , ᫥⢨ 祣 
         蠥 ᮧ  ࠢ筨    䠩.
             ந室   ࢮ ᨥ  몠
         ᪠    㦥 訡    室  ணࠬ.
         ୮    ᯮ짮    ணࠬ    DS   
           "ਧ" ஢, ᨬ  稭
           .  㦭    맮 DSK  䠩 ⭮
         ࠡ⪨   ணࠬ,    १  ࠡ  ன
           "ਧ" .
              ᫨   "ਧ"      筮
         ,  ४騢騥 䠩  祭 ।.  
               ⮫쪮  ⮣,   ᯥ樠쭮 
         ᮧ. ᫨ ⠪       ,  㦭
         ᪮஢         䠩       ᪥  
         ᫥饣 ⠭  (᫨    ॡ).  ᫥
         ⮣,    䠩  ᮤঠ ଠ  
         ᥪ஢,    ਭ ⮫쪮   .
                F9  ࠡ    ணࠬ  Disklook  
          ᬮ  ᪠  ⬥祭   
         "ਧ" ஢      ஢  ᥪ
         䠩.
                ࠡ     ࠭    
         ᯮ㥬  ᪮.        ⠡   ந
         -   ,    뢠        
         ᪥.   饭    ᪥    뢠  
         ⮡ ⠭ ଠ ᪥.
              ,      ࠬ  ࠢ筨 
         ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩,   ᬮ  ଠ  䠩
         .  砫  ᬮਬ      ࠭
         ଠ: ⥪⮢ 䠩 (   ASCII)  ଠ  䠩  
         䨪஢   . ⥬  ᬮਬ  ଠ
         ࠭ ணࠬ: ".COM" 䠩  ".EXE" 䠩.

              5.8. 饭 䠩

                ᬮ ⮤ 뤥 ᥪ஢ 
          䠩.  ⮤ 쭮 .
                    ᪥   䠩    
         뤥    ᥪ஢   ᪥.      室
         ।   ,  롨ࠥ 㯭 
          訬 ஬.    奬  ᯮ  
          ᮧ 䠩, ⠪    㤫 (⥬ 
            䠩).
               ⫨稥   㣨 樮 ⥬ (⠪
           -⥬ ୨᪮ 㭨  -), 
         뤥   ᪥   ,      ⮬
          室,    ⮬, ⮡   䠩
         ࠭   뢭  ᪠.    ࠧࠡ⪥
           奬  ।  ᪮  ࠭⢠   
         樮  ⥬  室  롨    ᢮
         뤥 ࠭⢠   ,  १ 祣
         䠩      "ࠧ"    ᥩ  ᪥,   
         뤥    訬  뢭묨  ᥣ⠬  ,  
         ᫮    ࠢ   ࠭⢮      ᪥.
         樮  ⥬    ᯮ    ⮩ 
         ⮤.
              ᫨ ᪥  ,      㯭      
         ।⠢  ᮡ     .  䠩
           ⠪ ᪥,  ଫ      㤮
         ࠧ饭 뢭 ࠣ⮢ ᪮ ࠭⢠. 
         ᫥⢨, ᫨ 䠩  㤫,   ⥫쭮
           㤥 뤥   ᢮ , 
          室    ᪥.
                䠩      ᪥  ⠢
          ,  ࠧ饭  ᪥ ⠥ .
            ᫨  ᮧ    㤠  -  ,  
         ᯮ짮   ᪥ ⠭ 쬠 ⠭.
                  ⭮  ந室,      ணࠬ
         ᮧ  ६    䠩.  ᫨  䠩 㢥稢
         ࠫ쭮,   ᯮ  ᪥ 易⥫쭮  㤥
         ६騬.
              祭   । ࠭⢠  ᪥
           쭮    ⥫.  ᫨  
            ⨫ Disklook,    ।
         ࠭⢠   襩  ᪥,  ⠭  ᯮ
         ࠭⢠    䠩    ஢,  ࠣ஢ 
         ࠭⢮  ᪥.
              ⠪, 奬 । ࠭⢠  ᪥   
         쭮 ,  ࠢ୮ ᯮ  ࠭⢮ 
          ॡ 襣 ⥫⢠. ,   २⢠
         ⨣  業  "ࠧ뢠"  䠩   ᪥. -
         ⮣  㢥  ६  㯠    䠩,  ᪮
         ⭠    ⥭/  ६  ᥩ
         ᪥  ᪠  㦭  ஦.  ᪮  饭  
         ᪥   묨  ﬨ   ᭮묨
         ࠭稢騬 䠪ࠬ  ந⥫쭮  IBM/PC,  ⠪
         ࠧ饭  䠩  த ஡,  筮 ⮣
          砥.
                 ⮩   稭,   室    㤥    
         ⥭樠쭮 ஡ ࠣ樨 ࠭⢠, 
         䠩  ᪥. 筮    ஡      
         ,      ਮ १砩 祭.
             ,    ࠣ  䠩    
         ⥫쭮,  ᪮  䠩      ᪥.   
          , ᫨    ,    ᪮  ᫨誮
          믮  ஦  ⥭ 䠩.
                ஢  䠩     ᪥  
            ᫥⥫쭮,  ࠧ⨢    砫  
         ᯮ騥  䠩    ⠢    ⠪ 浪, 
           ⥫     ᯥ⪥  ࠢ筨.  
               㯮冷祭       
         ᮡ    :    䠩        ᪥,     ࠭饩
         ᯮ,    ࠧ  ஭᪮ 浪,
            ᪥        ⢮    ᯮ⥫    䠩
         ।⥫쭥   ᥣ   䠢   冷,   ᪮騩
         ᬮ.    뢠,  ⠪,  㯮冷稢  䠩  
         ७,    筮  ⨯ 䠩  ᯮᮡ
          ᯮ짮.    㯮冷稢    ந
           ,     - ࢨ᭮ ணࠬ
         (⠪ த  ணࠬ      ⠢    "Norton
         Utilities" (㦥 ணࠬ ⮭)).

                 5.9.ଠ ⥪⮢ 䠩

                  ᯮ騩      ᠬ 
         ଠ⮢  䠩 ,  ࠧ頥    ᪥,-  
         ⥪⮢  䠩      ASCII.  䠩 ᮤঠ 
         䠢  ଠ,  ⥪    ,  騥   
         䠢 ᨬ.
              ⮢    䠩    ,   ⭮,   訬
         ਡ  㭨ᠫ쭮 ଠ     ᮭ
         ஢.    ଠ  ন ࠪ᪨ ᥬ
         ᮭ묨  ࠬ       ⢮   ࠧ
         ਬ.
              設⢮  ⥪⮢  ।஢,    ⥪⮢
         ,   ᯮ    ⥪⮢    ଠ.    ,
         ⠢塞    ⠢  ,  DLIN   ᮧ   ᯮ
         ⥪⮢ 䠩.
              ⮢ ଠ  ᯮ    ࠭  室
         ⥪   ணࠬ   (室,  ࠭᫨஢襩  ᨨ).
         ࠪ᪨  몮  (⠪   
         몠 ,  몠 ᪠  ᥬ) 
          室 䠩  ⥪⮢ ଠ   ASCII.
               몠   IBM/PC ࠡ⠥    ६
         ଠ⠬  䠩  ணࠬ  몥    
          ⠭  ⥪⮢  ଠ      ASCII.  
           ணࠬ    몥     ⥪⮢ 䠩  
         ASCII 㦭 ᯮ짮  ""   SAVE:

                 10     SAVE "PROGRAM.BAS",

                ⭮  ࠡ⪨,      ᠬ     
            ᯮ⥫  ।  ,  ⠪  ࠭  
         ⥪⮢ ଠ.
              ⮡   䠩, 室 ᭠砫 
         ᠬ  ஢, ਭ  ਪ᪮ ⠭⭮  
          ଠ樥 (ASCII).  ASCII  ᭮  ⮨  
           ᨬ.  ᥬ  ᨬ  ᢠ  ।
         樨 ⮢, ਬ,    㪢 "" 㤥
         ࠦ ⭠ ᫮ 41.
                 128   ࠧ       ⥬  ASCII,
         ᪮   ᯮ  ᥬ⮢  .  設⢮
         ஢,      IBM/PC,   ᯮ   쬨⮢
         ஢  ᨬ,  ⠪      ASCII  ⠢  
             ᠬ  256   .  設⢠
         ஢,   IBM/PC,   ASCII      128
         ,  CHR$ (0)  HR$ (127).
                ,      ࠧ ⥣ਨ 
         ASCII          ᮢ.  ०  ᥣ,
                ASCII,   ᮮ⢥騥   㪢,   
         ९, ࠬ  ..  ࢠ  ⥣ਨ  ASCII
         ,  筮,    ᯮ짮    ࠡ,
         믮塞   ᮭ쭮 .
                  ⥣                ᨬ
         ଠ஢. ᯮ짮  ᨬ ᫥ 㦥  
         , ਬ, "   蠣",  "  ⪨"  
         "ॢ   ப".   ଠ騥  ᨬ  ࠧࠡ뢠
         ᯥ樠쭮  ࠢ ன⢮ .    ⥣
          ⠪       ୥.
                ⥣ ᨬ ASCII   ᨬ
         裡.      ⠪       "砫-⥪"   
         "-।"    ᯮ   ࠧ  ⢥
         ࠢ  ᨣ    ᯮ짮     ASCII   
         ।  ଠ樨     裡.  ᨬ 
         ࠢ ᠬ ⠭ 裡    ।  .
           ࠧ᭥  祭  ᨬ ᭮ 易 
          ਭ樯 ⢫ ⢨    
         裡,       室          .
         ᪮  ⥣ ᨬ  ᯮ । 
            䠩,    㤥  ᮢ.
                  ⮣:    ⥣਩ 
         ASCII ᯮ  ஢  ,  ⠪    㪢,
                  㭪樨.      ᯮ   
         ଠ஢, ..,  㪠  ⮣,    稢
           ப    稭 㣠;    ᯮ 
         ⮫쪮      ࠢ   ଠ⮬   ,         
         ஢  䠩.  ,  ,   ⥣ 
         ࠢ ।祩       易    ଠ⮬
         ⥪⮢ 䠩.
                ᨬ  ⥪    ASCII  祭 
         CHR$(32)    CHR$(126).    ASCII      ᯥ樠
         ⥣਩  -  ଠ騥    ᨬ 裡,-   
         CHR$(0)  CHR$(31).      ᯮ짮  
         ࠧ  ࠢ  㭪権      筮  ᯮ
         ⤥쭮    .  ᫨    ணࠬ  ⠥
         ।⢥  ᯮ짮    ,    ந室
         ࠭ .  樨 뢠  ਫ 4.
               ਢ   ணࠬ    몥  ᨪ,
                ᯥਬ⮢    ᯥ樠묨
          ASCII  0  31:

                 10 REM 뢮  ࠭ ᯫ
                 20 FOR I=0 TO 31
                 30 PRINT CHR$(I)
                 40 NEXT I
                 10 REM 뢮  
                 20 FOR I=0 TO 31
                 30 LPRINT CHR$(I)
                 40 NEXT I
                 10 REM 㫨஢ ० ࠭
                 20 DEF SEG=&HB800   '梥⭠ 䨪
                 30 DEF SEG=&HB000   '஬
                 40 FOR I=0 NJ 31
                 50    POKE 1*2,I
                 60 NEXT I

               ᬮਬ ⥪⮢  䠩      ASCII.  
         䠩, ᮤঠ騥 ⥪,  ⮨   ᨬ,
         ਬ,   㪢   䠢.       ⥪⮢    䠩
         ࣠    ப,  ⮬   뢠 
         㬠.
              ࠭ ப ⬥ ଠ騬  ᨬ  
         ASCII:  ⪨, CHR$(13),  ॢ ப, CHR$(10).
          뫮  ᯮ짮  ᨬ  祭 
         ப,  ᯮ    ᨬ, ᪮ 
         ࠢ ᮬ 室     ப    饬
         ன⢥.
                 稭 ᯮ짮  ᨬ, 
          ப, ⮨    ᯥ祭    
         ப.      ⠪    ᯮ 
         믮 ન.  ⮬       ப
         뤠  ⮫쪮    ⪨,   ⥬  뢠騥
         ᨬ.  ᪮  ॢ  ப    믮,   
         ᨬ      㦥 ⠭.  
           ந    騬  ன⢮,      
         ᯫ.
                  ࠧ,    䨧᪨   ,   室
         饬 ன   襭  ப,  ᯮ
         ⠪  ⢥ ᪨ ⮪  ப  䠩. 
         ਥ  ஢ ⥪⮢ 䠩 ।⢥ 
         饥  ன⢮,  祬  ⥪  㤥 ᯥ뢠
         ࠢ쭮.   ᠬ ஢ , ᯮ짮  
         COPY  뫪 䠩 ।⢥  ன⢮ 
           ࠭ ᯫ ᫥騬 :

                 COPY  䠩 LPT1
                 COPY  䠩 CON

               ப ⥪⮢ 䠩  祬    ࠭稢,
         ப  த,        ᨬ 
         ⪨   ॢ  ப.  ,  設⢮  ணࠬ,
         ࠡ    ⥪⮢묨  䠩, ࠭稢  ப
         255 ᨬ,    筮  ⥫쭮  ,  祬  
         ॡ  (  ।    ⥪⮢ 
         ࠭稢  ப   ⠪  ࠧ,  ⮡  
         㪫뢠  ப ࠭ ᯫ: 80 ᨬ).
              ଠ   ⥪⮢   䠩   ।      ⮫쪮
         ࠧ  ப.  䠩      ASCII    
         騩     -  થ    䠩,  祭  ண
         CHR$(26).    થ  筮  㪠뢠    䠩.
         㦥         CHR$(26)      筮
         ⠭ ࠧ 䠩, ⫨騩  ࠧ,  㪠
          ࠢ筨.
                    ᯥ樠 ᨬ   CHR$(26)
           ,      "Z"    㤥ন    ⮬
         ﭨ     "CONTROL"  (ࠢ).  ᫨    
         ⥪,   易      ᮭ묨   ࠬ,   
           ⠭ "CONTROL-Z",      㭪
          䠩,  祭 CHR$(26) .
              ஬  ᠭ    㭨ᠫ  ,   
         ⪨,  ॢ  ப      䠩,   㣨
         ଠ騥  ASCII,   ᯮ    ࠧ筮
         ⥭ᨢ.    ⠡樨 (CHR$(9)) ᯮ 
           ᪮쪨  ஡,  ᫥       㣨.
         ᪮      饯ਭ⮣  ⢠  権
         ⠡樨,  ᨬ ᯮ  ⠪ ப,   
         뫮  .
               ॢ ࠭ (CHR$(12)) 砥 室 
         砫      ࠭.   設⢮   ன   
         ࠡ뢠      ᮮ⢥騬  ࠧ  
         ணࠬ ।஢ ᯮ   ࠧ ⥪
           ࠭.  ᯮ짮  ⮣  ᨬ  ⠪  
         㭨ᠫ쭮.  ⮨ ਬ  ⮫쪮    ࠢ
         ன⢮ .
              ணࠬ    ।஢   ,   ᮡ,   ⥪⮢
          ॡ 襣 ᫠ ᨬ  ଠ஢  
           ।  ᮡ⢥    ᢮ 楫, ⠪ 
         ⬥⪠ ࠭ ࠣ䮢, ન    ⮬  .
         ᪮   㭨ᠫ         ⠪   㭪権  
         ,  祭  ⥪⮢ 䠩    㣨
         ணࠬ  ᯮ짮.
              ०  祬    ᬮ७  ⥪⮢   䠩
         室  ᤥ      砭,   
         ᨬ  ⥪.     ⥬   ஢   ।
         㯮冷祭  ᫥⥫쭮  -  ᢮  த 
         䠢⭮ 浪 ᨬ.   ASCII    
         㭪樨  ।  㪢  .    㪢
         ᯮ । 묨. ஬ ⮣,  ⫨稥   
         EBCDIC,   ᯮ㥬   㭨ᠫ묨  ࠬ  
         "",  ᯮ । 㪢.
                㪢 ⫨    㪢 
         32 ( 32 ).  䠪  ᯮ짮   ணࠬ
         ८ࠧ ⥪⮢   孥 ॣ  
          .

                 5.10. ଠ ᥩ 

              ᫥   ⥪⮢   䠩         ASCII   
         ࠭  䠩  䨪஢  ᥩ.  ⠪
         䠩 ᪨   ଠ樨  뢠  ﬨ  
         ࠧ  ᥩ      ᥬ  䠩.   ⠪
         ଠ  ᮧ   ஬         ⢥
         ந  䠩,  ⠪    ଠ     䠩
         ᪠  㣨 ⥪⮢  䠩.    믮  
         樨  ⥭    (砥  몥  
         INPUT#  WRITE#) 뫠  .
              ᫨ ⥪⮢ 䠩   ⪨,  ⬥騥  
         ப      䠩,      䠩    䨪஢ 
         ᥩ,  祬  ⤥    㣠.    ⠪
         䠩 ࠭ ⮫쪮   - ࠧ⥫.
              ᪮   ⠪ 䠩     ,
           ᯮ짮  ⥩訥 䬥᪨ ᫥ 
         । ,  稢    稭
         㣠.   㦥   ணࠬ       ⥭    
         ଠ樨  䠩, ᠭ      4,  ᯮ  ⠪
         ⮤      ᫥⥫쭮,  ⠪     ந쭮
         饭  䠩.   ணࠬ    䠩,
           믮    㭪樨  ᪠  ᥩ,  ⠪  訬
         ணࠬ    㦭          ஡,
         易  ᪮.
              ᬮਬ ਬ. ᫨  ᥩ 䠩 100    
         訢  ⥭     ஬ 24,   
         ᬥ饭      砫  䠩  㬭  24    100.
           祭  祭  2400    ࠧ ᥪ, 512
         , 稬 ⭮ 4    ⮪  352.    ,  
           ᯮ    ⮬  ᥪ  䠩 (ய᪠ 4
         ᥪ)  ᬥ饭 352 .
              (  ᯮᮡ    ।,     㬥
         ᥩ  稭  . ᫨  ࢮ  ,
          室 ᮮ騬 ࠧ   ,  
         ᠬ ⮤ ⠥ ).
               䠩  䨪஢     室
          ࠢ ᥩ -  ᯮ   
         㣮.   ᫨            㪫뢠  筮  
         512-⮢  ࠧ  ᥪ,         
         ࠧ    ᪮쪨  ᥪ,    ᪮쪮 ᭨
         䥪⨢ 権 ⥭  .
               襬 ਬ  100-묨 ﬨ, ।,  25
         , 筮  ࠧ頥    5-,    筮 -  6-
         ᥪ. ⮡   䠩  , 室 ᭠砫
         ,  ⥬  ⭮    ᥪ.
              ᫨  㤥 롨   ⠪, ⮡  뫠
         ⭠ 512,  ᪮ ⥭   ᪮쪮  .
         ,  ,    ࠡ  ﬨ ࠧ  ,
         ᫨     ண   ᭨   䥪⨢   
         ⥭/ ᥩ, ᯮ  ᪮쪨 ᥪ,
           㦭   ࠧ .
                ,  ⭮,  ,     ⢮
         㣨  ଠ⮢  䠩,   ⥪⮢ 䠩  䠩 
         䨪஢  .  ⠪ ஡ ⠭  
             ଠ    裡   ப ࠭.
         㣨  ଠ  ࠭    筮    
         ॡ, ᫮騥   ⥭  ,  
         ॡ ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ணࠬ   ࠡ  
         . ⢥ ⮨⢮   ଠ⮢ 砥
            -  ᠬ ࠧ   -  ⠪    
           ᯮ짮    祭  ਫ. ᪮
          ন 祭   ணࠬ,    ⮬  ᫥
         ࠧ묨  몮묨 ࠬ  樮묨 ⥬,
          祭 㤮 ᯮ짮.  ࠪ⨪ 砥,    
         裡    㤮⢮  ࠡ   ⥪⮢  ଠ⮬   ப
         প    ࠧ묨  ணࠬ   ।஢   
         몠    ணࠬ஢,        㦨    砨
         ᯮᠡ  ଠ⮢    ணࠬ      ⥪⮢
         ଠ   ASCII.

                 5.11. ଠ ணࠬ 䠩.

                ଠ 䠩  ࠭ ணࠬ. 
          ࢨ஢  ७  :  ".COM"    ".EXE".
         ஡  ࣠樨 ணࠬ 䠩 ॡ 
          ࣠樨 , ⠪       㤥  ᥩ  
         뢠,  ⬥⨢  ⮫쪮     . (
         ணࠬ      ७  ".BAS"  ண    
           ணࠬ묨  䠩  -   䠩 , 
         뢠  ᯮ ஬ .)
              ணࠬ 䠩 ⨯ COM    ७    䠩
         ".COM"  -    ।⢥ 㦠 ணࠬ.  
         䠩 ࠭  ࠧ   ⮬ ,  ஬  
         室   .    ॡ ࠪ᪨ 
         ⮢   ᫥  㧪      ।⢠
         .  ᫨    㤥 ᬠਢ 䠩 ⨯ COM, ਬ,
         ணࠬ DiskLook,  㢨    設  몠  
         ,  ࠧ騥  ணࠬ,    祣  .  
         ⠢ ணࠬ  䠩 ⨯ COM   믮,  
         ନ ᯥ樠 ᥣ-⠢, 室  
         ணࠬ,   㦠   ணࠬ,   ⠭   ॣ
         ᥣ⮢,  ᢠ    ⠭  祭,  ।
         ࠢ ணࠬ.
              ணࠬ 䠩 ⨯ EXE    ७    䠩
         ".EXE"   ᪮쪮  ⫨    䠩  ⨯  COM.  ⮡
         㧨         믮   ॡ    ।
         ⮢.    ⠪ ⮢ 뢠
         ६饭.
              ணࠬ    ᮤঠ  ,  祭   
              ᨬ  ⮣,    
         室 ணࠬ. ᫨ ணࠬ   ॡ,   
         뢠  ᠬ-६頥. ணࠬ ⨯ COM  
         ᠬ-६頥묨,  ६饭 ணࠬ  ⨯  EXE  
         믮 ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ  - 稪.
              ணࠬ  ⨯  EXE 稭 ᯥ樠쭮 塠⮢
         ⪮, 4D5A,  ᯮ    ࠧ祭  ணࠬ
         ࠧ ⨯.  ⮩ ⪮ ᫥ । ࠢ
         ଠ,  ⠡, 㪠뢠  ६饭
         室.  ࠧ頥 ᮡ⢥ ணࠬ.
                ६饭,  ६ 㧪  ணࠬ ⨯
         EXE   । ᥣ ⥪.  ணࠬ  ⨯  EXE
           । 㤠   㦠 -   
            㯭 .
                裡    ⮩  ଠ  COM,     ᮧ
         ⭮⥫쭮  ⪨      䠩 ⨯ COM  設
           ।⢥,            ணࠬ   
         䨪樨  ᮤন  䠩  ᪥, ⠪  DEBUG
           SecMod,    ⥬  ᠭ  ⪮  ணࠬ  
         ,    㤥  뢠   ணࠬ אַ 
         䠩 ⨯ COM.  த ணࠬ ᮧ 㦥 祭 .
              ଠ ⨯ COM , ⭥  ॥  㦠
           .  ணࠬ,   㦭 ᯥ樠 㣨,
         ᯥ稢   ଠ⮬    ⨯    EXE,    ।⥫쭥
         ᯮ짮 ଠ ⨯ COM.

              ਫ 5.1.  ணࠬ  
         ࠢ筨 (᪠).

         const
           directory_sectors_single_sided=4;
           directory_sectors_double_sided=7;
           directory_entries_single_sided=64; {4*16}
           directory_entries_double_sided=112; {7*16}
           hidden_attribute              =wrd(2);
           system_attribute              =wrd(4);
           {========================================================}
         type
           directory_entry_type=
             record
               filename                 : string(8);
               extension                : string(3);
               attribute                : byte; {hidden=2; system=4}
               reserved                 : array[1..10] of byte;
               creation_time            : word; {hour*2048+minute*32+
                                                 secs}
               creation_date            : word; {(year-1980)*512+
                                                 month*32+day}
               starting_cluster_number  : word;
               file_size                : array[1..2] of word;
             end;
         {==========================================================}
         complete_directory_type=array[1..112] of directory_entry_type;

              ਫ 5.2.  ணࠬ  
         ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (᪠).

         const
           minimum_cluster                 =    2;
           maximum_cluster_single_sided    =  314;
           maximum_cluster_double_sided    =  316;
           usual_fat_end_of_file           = 4095;
           minimum_fat_end_of_file         = 4088;
           bad_cluster_fat                 = 4087;
           single_sided_indicator_byte     =  254;
           double_sided_indicator_byte     =  255;
         {==========================================================}
         type
           fat_sector_type=array[0..511] of byte;
           fat_sector_structured_type=
             record
               scrambled_fat_pair: array[0..158]
         of
                 record
                   scrambled_byte_1 : byte;
                   scrambled_byte_2 : byte;
                   scrambled_byte_3 : byte;
                 end;
               unused_bytes_of_sector : array[1..35] of byte;
             end;

              ਫ 5.3.  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ ࠢ筨
          ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (᪠)