                     4.   

                ⮩    㤥  ⪮  ᬮ७  ⥬ ,
         ᭮ 樮 ⥬ IBM/PC.      㤥  ᫨誮
         ஡  ᬠਢ  ,  筮  ⮬    
         ⠢  ।   ᪮쪨    ᠬ  
         ᥡ,    筮 ⮬,     ᭮ 饭
         ७ ࣠樨 IBM/PC,   ࣠樨 .
                , ᪮   祭  ப ᯮ  
         IBM/PC,  室    ।  ।⠢  
         ࣠樨.   ᭮   ⮩  㤥
            ᫮      IBM/PC,      
         ⢫   ⨬      ।
         樮 ⥬ .
                ᭮  ᮯਪ     㯮訥 
          ᮢ. ࠪ᪨  ,    祬      
            ,   ⭮     IBM/PC,  ᮢ⨬    
         ࠬ,     ⠪      ࠬ,   ࠡ騬   
         ࠢ S-DOS.

              4.1.  祣 㦭 樮 ⥬?

              ⮡      ᥬ  ﬨ  ᢮
         , 室      樮  ⥬.
         ।   ⮩  ⪨    ,
          ᮡ ।⠢ . 誮 ஡      
         ਮ,        ⮩     
            ࠡ.
              祭 樮 ⥬ 砥  ᯥ祭
         㤮⢠  ࠢ  ஬.  樮  ⥬,   
          ᫥ ⮣ ନ,  ࢮ   
         ணࠬ  .    ࠢ,      
            ᫮.  ࠧ⥫쭮,      ᮢ襭
         ணࠬ   ᯮ   ⮫쪮       ࠢ    ᠬ
         ஬.  ஭  砥  ⮬,   
         ணࠬ     ࠧࠡ뢠    믮  
         ࠡ,        ᠬ楫.     㣮 ஭, 
           㬥,  ᮧ  祫,  ,   
         筮  ⥩, ⮡ ࠡ ᠬ  ᥡ  祫
          ᬮ  ࠢ , ᫨   樮 ⥬.
                ࠡ 樮 ⥬ 砥  
         ⮬,  ⮡      짮⥫    ᫮  
         㦭  ⠫.  ⢥ 樨 ᬮਬ  ࠡ
           COPY    .  ।,   ᯮ㥬  
         ஢   ᪥  .   ,
             祭 ᫮ 楤. ᬮਬ, , 
          ⢨,      믮  樮
         ⥬:
              -  ஢,        室  ᪥ 䠩 
         㪠 .
              - ஢,   ஢ 믮   䠩
           ᪥,      -  ன⢮  (ਬ,  
         ன⢮ ).
              - ஢,   䠩    ⠪      楫
         ᪥.
              -  ஢, 筮    楫 ᪥ 
         ࠧ饭 䠩 (뢠  ᢮   ᪥, ,
         ᫨  䠩 㦥   ᪥,    , ஥
          ).
              - ᫨  楫 ᪥  ᮧ  䠩,
            室  ஢,      ᢮    
         ࠢ筨   㦥 .
              - ⠭ ଠ 室 ᪥: ஭  
         ஭?
              -  ⠭  ଠ 楫 ᪥: ஭ 
         ஭?
              - ஢,      䠩  ᠬ    ᥡ  (
         饭).
              - ஢ 稥  ⥬  ᪮, ᪮
          ⥬   ᪮ 室 ஢  .
              - ஢, 室     ࠧ  室
         䠩    ࠧ, 㪠  ࠢ筨,   㤥
         । થ஬  䠩 (  ⥪⮢ 䠩 
          ASCII).
              -  ஢, 室  ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 
         室 ᪥  ⨢ .
              - ஢, 室  ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩  
         楫 ᪥  ⨢ .
              -  ஢  ४⭮ ࠧ饭 室 䠩 
         ᪥  ᮮ⢥饩 ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩.
              - ஢,  ᮢ    ࠧ  䠩,  㪠  
         ࠢ筨,  ⢨⥫ ࠧ஬.
              -  ⠭,    쥬   ᯮ짮 
         ⢥   १ 䠩.
              - ஢,    64 ࠧ .
              - 㦭  㤠    , ⮡
         㢥 ࠧ ?

                   ⠫  ⮣ ᫥?    
         ⮫쪮 砫!   ᬮ७ ⮫쪮 ᪨  ஢
         .    ਢ  䨧᪨ ஢, 祬  
          饭 ⥫쭮  ஡⥩:
              - 饭  ⥫ ᪮?
              - 뢥   ⥭/  㦭 ஦?
              - 쪮 ᥪ஢  㦭 /  ⮩
         ஦?
              - ⮢  ᪮  믮 ?
              - ⠥    ᪥?    ॡ    १,
         ୠ   ⪠   믮   樨      ୮
         樮஢ ?
              - ᫨ 㦥 믮﫠 ୠ ⪠, 筮  
         뫮  ᤥ  ⮪,  ⮡  뤠      쭥
         ⢨?
              -   ⢥  ? , ஢ 
         ਩  ࠡ?
              -  ⮢ ᪮?
              -  ⥭//᪠ 訫 ᯥ譮?
              -  ᪥ 饭  ?

                ᠭ            ਡ⥫
         ᫥  ஡⥩  樨 ஢ 䠩.  
          ⭮⥫쭮     .  ,  ਢ
         ࠧ  ᪨  䨧᪨ ஢  祭  
         ࠡ 樮 ⥬.
              ᭮    樮  ⥬,  ⠪  ,
         砥  ⮬ , ⮡   짮⥫  㦭
           ஡.  ⥫쭠    㭪権  樮
         ⥬ 砥  㦨 ன /뢮.
               䨧᪮ ஢ 㦨   ᯥ稢
            㣨      ᮪   ஢,  ⠪      
         ࠢ筨, ஢ 䠩  㧪 ணࠬ.
                  ⥩  ⨦  䥪⨢  樮
         ⥬  -  쭮  ࠧࠡ⪨. 樮 ⥬
         頥     ⠭      䥪⨢,   ᫨   
         ࠧࠡ稪  ࠧ      㭪樨   ⤥ .
         ⥬          ࣠      ⥫쭮
         ᯫ஢      ⥬,    ன  
         ஢ 娨 믮 騥   㭪樨,  ᢮
         ஢,  室騥   娨,   믮 (, 
         ᢮ ।,   ⠫ﬨ 㭪権,   
         ஢).    ३  ᬮ७ ⤥ ⥩
         .

              4.2.  ᭮ 㫥 

               ⥬  ࠧ     ᭮  ⥩,
         㭪樨          ⪮  ᬮਬ    ⮬
         ࠧ. ࢠ  -  ⥬ BIOS  .    ⥬
         ⠢      IBM/PC    ᯮ짮 
         樮 ⥬.  㭪  BIOS      砥  
         㦨  ᭮      㭤⠫ 権
         . ᪮ ⥬ BIOS    IBM/PC  
         "஥"    ,     ⮫쪮 ⠢
          ,   ⠢   樮  ⥬
         IBM/P.
                       -   "㧮筠  "  ᪥.
         㧮筠  -  祭 ⪠    ணࠬ,
         室    ࢮ  ᥪ   ᪥. 㭪 ⮩
         ணࠬ   砥      ᪥       㧪
         樮   ⥬   ᫥   祭      
         १᪠ (  CTRL-Alt-Del). 㧮筠 
         뢠     樮 ⥬    
           㧪 .
              騥       ।⠢  ᮡ  ᪮
         䠩  IBMBIO.COM    IBMDOS.COM.    㦠 
          㧮筮             ६
         ࠡ  ,  ⠪    ஢   ࠧ稥 쭮
         㤭.   IBMBIO.COM   ।⠢   ᮡ    塞
             ⥬ BIOS  . 稭  ᨨ 2.00 䠩
         IBMBIO.COM     㣨  ﬨ,  뢠묨
         ᨬ묨   ࠩࠬ  ன,      ஡
         ᬮਬ ᪮쪮 . ⥬ BIOS  , IBMBIO.COM  
         ࠩ   ன,      ࠧ  "䨧᪨"
         ஢ 樮 ⥬.
                IBMDOS.COM  ॠ  ᭮  㣨  .  
         "᪨" ஢ /뢮 樮 ⥬.
                 䠩  "묨" ⥬묨 䠩 (
          ஡ 㤥 ᪠   5).   䠩
              ᪠, 뢠   DIR.
          CHKDSK (  ᨨ 1.10    ᫥)  㪠,
             䠩 室  ᪥,   ᮮ  .
         ᫨   ᯮ  楤ன  DiskLook    ᬮ
         ᮤন  ᪥,    , IBMBIO.COM  IBMDOS.COM,
          ⢮  ᯨ᪥      ᬠਢ  ⠪
         ,      ⠫  䠩.     㭪権 IBMBIO.COM
         砥  㧪    樮 ⥬.
                -  ᪮ 䠩 COMMAND.COM.  
         㭪  COMMAND.COM 砥  ࠡ⪥ , 
         짮⥫.  ,  騥  ७,  ⠪
           TYPE,  COPY    DIR  䠪᪨  ॠ ணࠬ
         COMMAND.COM. ⢥ COMMAND.COM ࠧ   :
           ⠭    IBMDOS.COM,    - ஬
         ⥫ .    ஡    ⮬  ᪠  
         ࠧ 4.7.
                  ᫥     ⮨   譨
         , ⠪  FORMAT    DISKCOPY.  㭪樨    
         ࠧ    ॠ騥    ணࠬ  㦠  
         ⮫쪮  砥 室.  ⫨稥    ⠫  
         ⥩  ,      ⥫쭢  ணࠬ  
         ⥣ࠫ쭮 ⠢饩 ,    ⠢ 
           .     ⥫ ணࠬ, ਬ,
         FORMAT, ⮫쪮 ,         ࠪ᪨
         .
              譨      १묨  ﬨ ,
         ᪮      室       ﭭ.   
         IBMBIO.COM, IBMDOS.COM  ࠩ ⮩ 室  
         ﭭ  ࠧ १  .  COMMAND.COM
           뤥    ⤥  ⥣  -१
         ⠢ ,  祬   . 㧮筠  
         ᯮ   ⮫쪮   ६      ⮬     
         १⭮  .  ᫥  ࠧ    
         ஡ ᬮਬ   ⥩ .

              4.3. ⥬ BIOS  

              ࢠ     -  BIOS     ⥬
         /뢮, ࠧ  ﭭ .   ⥬
         ᯥ稢            㭨ᠫ  㣨
         樮    ⥬,    易         ⢫
         /뢮.
              ⥬ BIOS ᯮ   稭   FE00 
          FFFF, ࠧ  ᫥ ⥯ .  ।
         ,  ਢ      3,  뢠    ࠧ饭
         ⥬ BIOS.
              ᪮ BIOS     IBM/PC,    
          ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,   ࣠
         ⭠ ॠ ⥬.    ⢥  ⠢  
         IBM/PC, ⥬ BIOS        ⥩
         ,    樮 ⥬ IBM/PC.
              ⥬  BIOS      ⮨    ᪮쪨   ⥩,
         設⢮         ।⠢   ᮡ   ணࠬ
         (⠫ -   ⠡ ,   ᬮਬ
            ᫥  ).  ணࠬ  ⥬  BIOS,  
         믮 ࢮ, ।⠢ ᮡ  㭪樮.
               ணࠬ  ஢     譨  ன⢠,
         祭    IBM/PC,    ⮫쪮  㤥 祭 ⠭
         .  ⮩  ணࠬ  ।    প,
                 祭  ⠭  㧪
         樮 ⥬.  訩 ꥬ    祭  
         襬  ,  ⥬    믮 , ᪮
          ⥫쭮  楤ன    楤 ஢ન
         .
                 BIOS,      믮  
         ணࠬ ᪠ 樮 ⥬, -  ணࠬ 맮
         稪  樮  ⥬.    ணࠬ  ஢,
         祭   ᪮   ᪠  뢠  ᪥
         "㧮  ".  ᫥  뢠  㧮筮  
         ணࠬ  ᪠  ।   ࠢ, ⮡  ⠫
         ⠢訥  樮 ⥬.
              ᫨      ⥬    ᪮      뢠
         㧮筮  ந諠  訡,    ணࠬ  ᪠
         BIOS  ।  ࠢ  ⭮ ⥬ . ᫨ 
          IBM/PC,   ⠭  ᪥    ᪮,    
         㢨,     砫  ࠡ  ணࠬ  ⭮  ⥬
         .
                㦥 ᠭ  ⥩  -  ⮭  
         㭪殭஢    ணࠬ  ᪠,  ⥬  BIOS   
         ᮤন ⢮ 㣨 ணࠬ  - ।⠢  
          訩  .    室 ணࠬ 㦨
         ᥣ ⠭⭮  ਩  㤮  IBM/PC.  
         ணࠬ  믮 ᭮ 㭪樨 ࠢ ன,
         ᯫ, ᪥⠬, ᨭ஭ ஬ 裡, ன⢮
              䥩ᮬ. ⮩  ⨬ ணࠬ
          室 ,  ⮡    ᯮ짮  
          IBM/PC. ஡  ᬮਬ     6 
         11.

              4.4. 砫쭠 㧪 - 㧮筠 

              㧮筠  室  ᪠  .  ਭ樯
         ᯮ짮  㧮筮    ॠ ࠪ᪨ 
           .  㧮筠      ᮤন   
         室     뢠  ᪠ ᭮ ⥩
         樮 ⥬.
               ᪥ IBM/PC  祭 ⠭,  ⨥
           Ctrl-Alt-Del,  楤  ᪠  ⥬  BIOS  
         뢠   ᪥, ⠭  ᪮   
         頥    ⠭  ,   31744 
         700 (⭠筮). ᫥ 뢠 㧮筮  
         BIOS ।  ࠢ, 믮 室   31744.
            㧮筠         த    㧪
         樮 ⥬.
              ᭮   祭   㧮筮         
         砥   㧪 䠩 IBMBIO.COM  IBMDOS.COM.
         㧮筠      ࠧ  ⠭⭮  ᥪ   
         ᪥,  512  ,   筮  ᫮ ணࠬ.
          饭 ࠡ ⮩ ணࠬ,  䠩, IBMBIO.COM  
         IBMDOS.COM,  ࠧ   । ﭭ  
         ᪥.   ணࠬ  㧪    室
         ᪠   ࠢ筨 ᪥.
              ⨬,  , "⥬" ᪥ ⫨砥  筮
         -  ,   ।  ,  室    ⥬
         䠩  IBMDOS.COM    IBMBIO.COM.  ⮬    
         ८ࠧ     ᪥      ⥬   -   ,
         १ࢨ஢    ⥬  䠩,    
         㣨 䠩.
               㧮筠 ணࠬ   ⮫  ᮢ襭,  ⮡
         ⢫    ⥬  䠩,      ᯮᮡ
         ஢ ࠢ쭮  祭   ࠢ筨.  ᪮
           ⥬  䠩  祭    ࠢ筨  ᪥,  
         饭   ࠭, ⠪        㣨  ᯮᮡ
         㯠  ⠭ ਡ⮢ ⮣  ⥬ 䠩.
         ( ᫥饩   ᭨,  ⠪    ⥬
         䠩).
                裡    ⮩    ,  ணࠬ  㧪
          ⭮⥫쭮 ⠡쭮  ⠢    .  
         ॡ    ,         ࠧ   
         ⮯ ⥬ 䠩,   ந諮   
         প ஭ ᪥  ᨨ  1.10.
                 㦨 ࠧ  㧮  
         ࠧ ᨩ. (㧮      ᬮ  
             ⨫  DiskLook:  DiskLook, 
          F7     㧮筮      ᪥:
         ஭  0, ஦ 00  ᥪ 1, ᫥ 祣  
         F6 -  ࠭ 㤥 ⮡ࠦ 㧮筠 ).
              㧮筠        ᨨ   1.00      
         ⥫쭮  ⫨稥      ⠫  ᨩ, ஥
          .   '  室  ᨨ
         ,     ᫥  㪠뢠  
         "".

              4.5. ⥫ 樨  ன⢠: IBMBIO.COM

                       ⥬    䠩,    IBMBIO.COM,
         ।祭     㭪権 ⥬ BIOS  . 
         BIOS    ,  ⠪    IBMBIO.COM     㦨
         権  /뢮  㦨 ன,   
         ᠬ.    㭪   ।   ࠡ   ࠧ
         ஡⥩,   易      㭪樮஢   ன
         /뢮.    砥  㦥  訡    
         ࠢ,   ணࠬ  ᫮.
              ணࠬ  IBMBIO.COM  ⫨ ⥬,    
         , 祣  ᪠  ணࠬ BIOS    .  
         IBMBIO.COM   ।祭    襭    ,  
             ⥬ BIOS  . ࢠ  
         砥    ன    㦤  ⭮  樮
         ⥬, .  樮 ⥬,    /-86  
         -⥬  ୨᪮  㭨    -,  
         ᯮ짮 㭨ᠫ ⥬ BIOS  ,   ⮩ ,
            ன  ⥬  ࠧ,      ॠ뢠
         ᮡ⢥ ࠣ ⥬ /뢮.
                IBMBIO.COM 砥  ࠢ 
         訡    BIOS    , ᫨  ⮬  室.
         ணࠬ,      ⥬   BIOS,   ஢   祭
         ⥫쭮,         ࠧ饭           ᪠
         ࠢ. ᫨ 訡       㦥  
         BIOS,   㤥 ࠢ ⥬ ᥭ ᮮ⢥
           IBMBIO.COM.   ⥬  ஢
         뢠  ⠪  ࠧ,  ⮡ ࠢ  饭 
          BIOS ᭠砫   IBMBIO.COM,  㦥  ⥬  
         BIOS. 襭  맮 楤 ⥬ BIOS   ᥣ
         ।   ᯮ짮   뢠,       
         室    ᠬ  .  ᭮  稭 ᯮ짮
         뢠   ࠧ    ⮨    ᯥ祭  ⥩
         墠  ࠢ    楤  BIOS,  ,   ⨢
         砥, ⠪    ⢮ .   
         7,      㤥   ᬠਢ   ணࠬ   ࠢ
         ᪥⠬, ⭠   "Disk  base",    㢨
           ⠪ , 筮 饥 㭪樨 ⥬
         BIOS  .
               ,         BIOS,  ,
             蠥 IBMBIO.COM, 砥  㦨
          ਩ ன, ⠪  ⪨ ᪨ 让
         ,    쬨  (203) ᪥,  ,
            ⥭ ன,    祭 
         IBM/PC.      ன⢮ /뢮 砥 
         IBM/PC, 㦨  ணࠬ     䠩
         IBMBIO.COM      ७,    室  
         奬 ,   ࠧ頥 ⥬ BIOS.
                ࠭      祭  
         ன⢠     ⥬  ।  ᥭ    
         IBMBIO.COM , ,   㣨  ⥬  ணࠬ  .
               ᫨誮  ᫮    ⠪   "" 
         "", ⠪      ᨫ쭮  
         짮⥫,   ஬  ॡ    ⥫쭮
         㤮  ᢮ ⥬.
              ᪮         ன  
          ⠢  ᫮    ᯥ  
         뭪,  楤 祭 㦨 ணࠬ   뫠
         饭, 稭   ᨨ 2.00.  ࠢ 
         ᫥  ᪠  ⥬  । IBMBIO.COM,  ஢,
         室   ᪥ 䠩 䨣樨 ⥬. ᫨  䠩
         䨣樨  ,  뢠  ,  
         ।  ࠬ஢ ⥬.
               䠩 䨣樨     ணࠬ
         㦨  ன,   室   BIOS.
            ணࠬ 㦠     
         IBMBIO.COM.  奬 砥   ன,
            쭮,  ࠣ ⥬  䠩
         .
                ࠢ,    ணࠬ,  ࠡ   IBM/PC,
         㤥 ᯮ짮   BIOS    .  ,  
               ணࠬ   室   뢠  ᮡ
         㦨  権  /뢮.  ᪮   IBMBIO.COM
         ।⠢  ᮡ  ᪮  䠩,    ,
           ࠧࠡ    IBMBIO.COM,  ஥  
           㦤. ਬ ⠪ ன   
          ᪨ ணࠬ.

              4.6. ᭮ : IBMDOS.COM

                 樮   ⥬         ,
         IBMBIO.COM  IBMDOS.COM  ࠧ  , 
         ᯥ  ⭮   ,   
         騬   ஢, ࠡ  ࠢ .
              㦥   楤   ,      ।   ⥯
         ந쭮,  ࠧ    ,   뢠  
         ᮡ⢥  뢠,    ,      ࠧ   饥
         뢠   (  33,  ⭠筮  祭  21).  
         ନ , ࢠ 㯯 뢠 뢠ﬨ , 
           -  맮  㭪権.         맮
         ᯮ ணࠬ 뢠, 祬  ⮩  稭,
            맮 ணࠬ BIOS:  ᯥ祭 쭮.
                뢠    32    63  (⭠
         祭   20  3F) १ࢨ஢  ᯮ짮 .
         ᯮ  ⮫쪮      뢠,     ⠫
         ᯥ稢    쭥襣  ७. ணࠬ
         㦨 뢠   ⥭   ᥪ஢
         ᪥,      ஫    訡    ﬨ
          Ctrl-Break.
              맮   㭪権      ᯥ稢,        ᭮,
         ஬  ஢  㦨 権 /뢮. 
         ⢥ ਬ஢  㯮   ,  
         뢮  ࠭ ᯫ, /뢮  ᨭ஭  裡
          뢮  . ।ᬮ७  ⠪  ᪨  樨
          ᪥ - ⨥  ⨥ 䠩,    ࠢ筨
         䠩,  㤠   ᮧ 䠩, ⥭   .
           楤  ᯥ稢  ࠪ᪨     
         樨,    ॡ ணࠬ  ࠡ 
         䠩  묨, ࠭騬  䠩, ⠪  ⮡  ணࠬ
             室    ᠬ⥫쭮   ஢뢠   
         ࠢ筨, ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩  ..
                  㦥  楤    ⥭ᨢ
         ᯮ ணࠬ  ᮪ ஢ . ਬ,
         楤 ᪠  ࠢ筨 ᯮ   DIR  
         COPY. ஬ ⮣,  ᯮ ஬  
         ᪠ ணࠬ 䠩.   ࠧ  4.9  㤥  ᬮ७
          ᯨ᮪ 㦥 楤 .

              4.7.  COMMAND.COM  ७ 

               ⠢  , 䠩 COMMAND.COM,  
           ⥩,    窨  ७    ,
            ।⠢ 짮⥫, ⠪   窨 ७
         ਭ樯  㭪樮஢.  COMMAND.COM    ᪮쪮
         㭪権.  ०  ᥣ,  " ",  砥
             㭪樨    ,  ࠥ  
         ,  । 쭥 ⢨.
                      ७   ,   ⠪   
         DIR, COPY, TYPE, REM  PAUSE,    訢  砩
         楤,  "஥"    COMMAND.COM,  ⠪    
         믮 .
              ⮡  ᯮ  ७   ,   COMMAND.COM
         ᮤন   ⠡      .   ᫨  ᬮ  䠩
         COMMAND.COM,   㢨   .  ᬮ
         䠩  COMMAND.COM  ᯮ짮 ணࠬ DEBUG 
         DiskLook.    㢨 ᮮ饭, ஥   뤠  
         砫  ࠡ.       ᮮ饭   
           DEBUG   SecMod,  ⠪  ⮡    稭
         ࠡ  뤠祩  襩  䠬    . 
         ⠪    ७ , 祬 ᤥ  
         , ᫨    .
              ᫨        ⠡ ७ , 
              ,    COMMAND.COM  㤥
         ᪠    譥 䠩.  ⢥   , COMMAND.COM
         ⢫  䠩 ࠡ⪨   ᮮ⢥饩
         ᪥  ᪠  믮.
                  ⨯  䠩  ࠡ⪨  ,  
             ।  浪  ⢫  COMMAND.COM.
             筮  ᮢ   䠩,  ஬
         ࠭  ணࠬ  ࠡ⪨  .      ⨯   䠩
         ࠡ⪨    ࠧ  ७ﬨ  䠩. 
         ७,    浪    ਮ⭮:  ".COM", ஥
         砥  ணࠬ  䠩         ணࠬ
         ଠ⮢;  ".EXE",  饥  ணࠬ  䠩   㣮
         ଠ    ".BAT",  饥  䠩  ⭮  ࠡ⪨.
         (ଠ  䠩    㣮  ଠ樨,  饩
         䠩  ᪥, ਢ  ᫥饩 .)
                COMMAND.COM  室  ணࠬ  䠩    
         ଠ,    믮  㧪  ⮣  䠩      
         믮    室  ८ࠧ. ᫥ 㧪
         䠩    ନ஢   ⠢   ணࠬ   ᥣ,
         COMMAND.COM । ࠢ ⮩ ணࠬ, ⠪ ⮡ 
          믮 ᢮ ࠡ.
              ᫨ 䠩 ࠡ⪨  ⭮  ⨯ ".BAT",  
             䠩  ⭮  ࠡ⪨,   ᮤন 
         ଠ ⥪⮢  䠩      ASCII  ᫥⥫쭮
         ,      믮  ⠪,       
             .         COMMAND.COM
         砥    ᫥   樨      䠩   ⭮
         ࠡ⪨,  ⠪  ⮡  ᫥  믮   ࠧ
         室    㣮.  ᫨      ࠡ⪨   
         ⭮ 䠩 㤥 맢 㣮,    ࢮ 
         ந, ⠪  䠩 ⭮ ࠡ⪨      
         묨,    ꥤ  楯.
                   ⥬          
         ७祭  䠩, 祬  ⭮    ணࠬ,
         騬    , ⠪    .
                 ⭮.   쪮      
         COMMAND.COM    ⮬᪨  믮 ⥭  䠩
         ⭮ ࠡ⪨.
              ,  ணࠬ            䠩
         ⭮  ࠡ⪨  ⠪ ࠧ ।,  
         㤥 믮  ᫥饩.          ᫮
         ਫ   ᫥⥫쭮 믮 ணࠬ.
                COMMAND.COM   ⥫쭮  㭪権, 祬
         뫮 ᠭ.  ᪨,  COMMAND.COM  ࠧ    
         . ࢠ  ࠧ頥   ࠧ ᫥ ணࠬ
         IBMBIO.COM      IBMDOS.COM   ,      ,   ⠭
         १⭮    .  ᪨     COMMAND.COM
          ⫨砥  IBMDOS.COM.
                COMMAND.COM ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ६:
           ᪥  ⥬    ⢫  䠩 ⭮
         ࠡ⪨ AUTOEXEC.BAT , ᫨    ,    믮.
         ᫥   믮  ⮩  㭪樨      COMMAND.COM
         㦥  㦭.
              ,    ᭠   COMMAND.COM 
         १⭮            ࠡ⠭
         ⥩   .       砥      
         ணࠬ,  ॠ騥  ७    .  室
         ⤠  ᥡ      ⮬,  ⠪ ᫮ ணࠬ 
              祭 ⭮.    
         ஭,    ᥣ  뫮  ,  ⮡   
         ﭭ 室  .  㣮  ஭,    ⥫
         ,  ⮡       ६, ᮡ, ᫨
           ᫨誮  ( ⥬  64, ਬ).
              ᭮  襭  ⮩  ஡  砥   ⮬,
         ⮡ ࠧ     COMMAND.COM    孨  
           (筮  ᯮ  ᫥  )  
         㣨 ணࠬ    .
                ᭮      室   ᯮ짮
           , १⭠  OMMAND.COM ᭠砫
         ஢ 室     . ᫨ 
         祭    㣨   ணࠬ,      १⭠   
         १㦠      ᪥.  (  ⮩  稭,  ,
         室      COMMAND.COM    ᪥,
           ,   ଠ஢  ⥬  ଠ.
         ᫨         ࠡ     㢨  ᮮ饭:"Insert
         DOS disk..." [⠢  ],  㤥 ,   
         ᯮ㥬  ᪥  䠩 OMMAND.COM).
              ⮡  ஢ 稥    ,
          ஫쭠 㬬  祥 ,    
           室.  ᫨  㬬  ᮢ  , 
         COMMAND.COM  १㦠.  ᫥  ஫쭮  㬬
           ந    १㧪  COMMAND.COM  , ᫨
         㦥 ࠧ稥,   뤠  ᮮ饭    訡.  
         ந室      ⮬  砥,   ࠧ稥 砥
         ᥣ   ⮬,      砫쭮  ᮮ饭  
         ("The  IBM  Personal  Computer  DOS"..),  ஥,    㦥
         㯮,  . ᫨      ᤥ    ᫨
         -  㣨    COMMAND.COM,  室
         ᤥ    ᪥.
                稭,   ன  COMMAND.COM  ଫ  
           ⤥쭮  䠩      ꥤ    㣨
         ⥬묨  䠩,  砥    祭   ࠧࠡ⪨
         ਪ   ᨩ.          ᭮  ⥩
         樨 IBM/PC    㦤  짮⥫.  ᫨  室
            짮⥫᪨      ᤥ  ७  
           ᯮᮡ  ࠡ    ,     
          ᯥ樠 ணࠬ COMMAND.COM.
              ਬ஬  ਪ  ᨨ  COMMAND.COM   㦨
         室  1.00 ⥪⮢    Easy-Writer.  
           ᮡ⢥  ਠ  COMMAND.COM  ⮬ 室 
           Easy-Writer   ॡ १㧪 ⥬.
                ४  㪮⢮   "", 樮
         ⥬      १㦥  ᫥      
         Ctrl-Alt-Del.    ਢ     १ ⥬,
         稭  ⥭ 㧮筮 . ,  ,  
         ࠤ  ᯮᮡ १᪠. ᫨   COMMAND,
          १㧨 ⮫쪮 COMMAND.COM  ⥬ १
           १㧪  IBMBIO.COM    IBMDOS.COM.    
                   믮   䠩
         ⭮ ࠡ⪨ AUTOEXEC.BAT.

              4.8. ⠢訥  : 譨 

              ᫥    樮  ⥬    ⠢
         譨 .  뢠 譨,  ᪮    
         祭    ⠢  ,    १묨  
         IBM/PC.  ⮣, 譨  ࠭   ணࠬ
         䠩  ᪥.
                  ணࠬ  䠩,   譨  
         ७  䠩 ".COM"   ".EXE",   㪠뢠,  
             ଠ⮢  ଫ.  ᬮਬ  ଠ,
           㤥  ᬠਢ    ᪥    䠩   
         ᫥饩 .
              ਬࠬ  譨    㦨 DISKCOPY, COMP,
         FORMAT,  ⠪ ணࠬ  EDLIN, BASIC  BASICA ⮦  
         ।  ᫥    譨  ,   
                몮묨  ࠬ,  ⠪  
         ஠ᥬ  ᪠.
              譨      ⫨    㣨 ணࠬ
         䠩,   ᠬ ࠧࠡ뢠  㯠.  
         窨  ७  譨   ⢨⥫쭮  
         樮 ⥬, ᮡ ,     樮
         ⥬   ᯮ짮, ⠪  FORMAT. , 
         㣮  窨  ७,  譨    -    ᥣ  
         ᯮ⥫   ணࠬ,  ⨫,    ,  
              樮  ⥬.    
         譥     筮 ணࠬ 砥 
          襬 ⭮襭      -              
         祬- ⢥.

              4.9.   ।⢠  㣠 

                  ࠧ    ᬮਬ  㦥 楤,
         㯭 짮⥫ .  㤥 ਢ    
         ᪮쪨  ᯨ᪮ 㦥 楤,   
         ⮩  .    ࠧ  뢠   ।⢠   ,   
         ᫥騥     ᫥⥫쭮 뢠 㦥
         楤, ᯥ稢 ⥬ BIOS  .
              ०  祬  ३    ஡  ᬮ७   
         ।,   ।   ᯮᮡ  ,      㤥
         ᯮ짮  쭥襬.  㤥 ᫥⥫쭮 뢠
          ।⢠, 㪠뢠  騥   뢠,
            । .    㤥  ᬠਢ  
            ஡   ᯮᮡ   맮   㦥  楤,
         ᪮   ।⠢  讣  .    
         稭,    ன  뢠 ᯮᮡ 맮 㦥
         楤 , 砥  ⮬,    ⥫  ⮩  
         ।  䥩 ணࠬ,   
           ⮬⥫  楤  㧪  ॣ஢    ⠭
         䫠.
                  ,   㦭 㤥 ᤥ 㯫,
         ⮡ ᮮ  ᭮   ⭮  楤,  
         祭    裡    㣨  ﬨ  IBM/PC,  㤥
                 ਠ.    ᫨    
         ᮡࠥ   ணࠬ,   ᯮ짮 
         楤,   ࠢ  㤥   ࠧ.
                 㧭   ⮬,  IBM/P ࠡ⠥,
          ﬨ     ⠢    믮
          㤨⥫ .
              ᫨        ணࠬ    IBM/PC,    
         室   ᥬ  ।⢠  㯠    㦥
         楤ࠬ.  ⮡       ᯮ짮
          楤,  ᠫ   䥩  ணࠬ,
          ᠭ  ᪥, ਫ  ⮩ .
                㦥  楤   BIOS   ᯮᮡ
           맮  ணࠬ  몥 ᥬ.    
            楤      ᠫ      ᥬ   ᯥ樠
         䥩  ணࠬ,     ᯥ稢      
         楤   ணࠬ, ᠭ  ᪠  㣨 몠
         ᮪    ஢.   ᥬ   䥩   ணࠬ
          楤 ,  ᠭ    ⮬  ࠧ,  ਢ  
         ⨭ 4.101.
                    祭       
         ।⢮,  祬    䥩᭠  ணࠬ.      
                  -  ᯮ⥫쭠
         ணࠬ.  ⮩ 楫  祭   ᫥
         ணࠬ,  ᠭ  ᪠,   
           ᯮ짮  뢠  㦥   楤.   
         ।   ,  ᠭ    ⮬  ࠧ,  ᯮ⥫
         ணࠬ  ᪠ ਢ  ⨭ 4.102.
              䥩 ணࠬ  ᥬ    ᯮ⥫
         ணࠬ    ᪠    訬  ணࠬ  
             ᥬ  IBM/PC.
                ᯮ ᥬ 楤 㦨 뢠
            , 쬠, ।祭  맮  㭪権
         . 砫 ᬮਬ ⤥ 楤.
              뢠   32    (⭠筮    祭    20)
         ᯮ   襭 ࠡ ணࠬ.  ଠ
         ᯮᮡ  襭  ࠡ  ணࠬ          
         믮 室 ⠭⥫ 権.
                 ⠭⥫   樨      ᯥ.
         -,        㦥   뢠,   
         ணࠬ ࠧ蠥   ᮡ⢥ 楫,  ᫥
         襭 ணࠬ  ⠭  祭, 
             뢠     㬮砭. (. ࠧ,
         饭 뢠,  ࠬ 34, 35   36.) -,
         ᫨  ணࠬ    -  ,  ࠭騥 
         ᪥,    ,        ⠫   
         ⥬        뢠    ᪥.
         ,   뢠  䠩    ணࠬ  
         ᤥ  ᠬ,  饭  뢠 32.
              뢠    33    (⭠筮    祭   21)
         ᯮ  맮 㭪権,      ᬮ७
         ᪮쪮  .  騥    뢠,  34,  35  36,
         ᯮ ᪮쪮 , 祬  ⠫.     ६
             뢠    뢠  訬 ணࠬ 
         ᪠    ,       뢠   ᯮ
         ⨢  ࠧ:    뢠      ᪠
         楤      ணࠬ.        뢠
         ࠡ뢠         ᮮ⢥騩     ६,
         ।        뢠.  ᫨  ⠭
           뢠 ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠 
         楤 㦨 뢠   ணࠬ,  
         ணࠬ      ࠢ  砥 
         뢠.    뢠  ।祭    ।
         ࠢ  ணࠬ 짮⥫   
           ᫮.
              뢠   34,    ⭠筮    祭    22,
         ࠡ뢠     襭  ணࠬ.    뢠
           ࣠  ᯥ樠  騥  楤,
             뢠,      蠥 믮
            ணࠬ.         ᯥ   믮
         ⠭⥫ 楤 ᨬ  ⮣,  
          ணࠬ.
              뢠   35,    ⭠筮    祭    23,
         ࠡ뢠  ⨨ 樨  Ctrl-Break. 
           襩  ணࠬ  墠뢠  ᨣ  砭
         (Break),  㦨  㪠 ਩  
         ணࠬ. ਬ  ⠪        㢨  
         ⢨    ᯮ짮  ।  EDLIN, ⠢塞
           . ,    ᥣ ॠ   ⨥
           Ctrl-Break.    ந室  ⮫쪮    ,
          訢    뫠   
         ࠭ ᯫ.  ஡  ⮬ 㤥 ᪠ , 
         ᬮ७ 㭪権 ,  ⭮, 㭪樨 8.
              뢠 36, ⭠筮 祭 24,  
           砥  訡    ࠡ  .    ⥬  ।ᬮ७
         ஢ઠ ᫮ ⪫   ଠ쭮  㭪樮஢
         ,  ⠪  뢠  "᪠  訡"   뢠 36
          訬 ணࠬ  墠뢠  ࠢ,  
         ⠪ ந室.  饥 ६ ᬠਢ  ⨯
         ᪨ 訡,      쭥襬      
         㣨.  ࢠ,      訡, -  "⭠
         訡 ᪠".
                訡  ,     ᪮      
         ࠢ쭮  ࠡ,    ᫥   ⮪  믮
         .   ᪠  訡  뢠  襭
           ⠡  ࠧ饭  䠩      (
         ⠡  ᬮਬ    ᫥饩  ).    
           ,  ᫨  ணࠬ  砩  㤥 
         祩    .
              騥  ⨬ ६ 뢠  ᯮ  
         ࠤ樮   ࠧ.   뢠   37,  ⭠筮
         祭 25, ᯮ  ⥭ ᥪ஢ ᪥.  
               䠩    뢠   맮
         㭪権 ,  뢠   ᥪ   
             ᪥,  ᨬ   ⮣,   
         䠩  . 室 㪠  ,    
           뢠 ଠ,    ࠬ: ᪮
         (  浪 ,  0 -  ᪮ A,  1, 2  
         3,   ᮮ⢥⢥   B, C   D),  ᫮  ᥪ஢,  
         室 ,   ,  㪠뢠騩    ᥪ,
          ॡ .
                ⮩    ᫥饩 楤 ᥪ 
         ᫥⥫묨 ࠬ. 㬥 稭  ,  
         ᮮ⢥   ࢮ  ᥪ    ᪥,  ,  
         筮 ᯮᮡ 樨 ᥪ஢,       ᥪ஬
         ஦  0    ஭  0.  (   ஦,  
         ஭ ᪥ ਢ   5.)   ஭㬥஢
         ᫥⥫쭮  ࢮ (஭ 0) ஭ ᪥. 
            0  319 (⭠筮 祭  13F),
           ⥬,    ஭  ᪥, த  ࢮ
         ᥪ ன ஭,    320 (⭠筮
         祭 140)  639 (⭠筮 祭 27F).
                ᯮᮡ 㬥樨  ।⠢   .
         ᫨ ஭㬥஢ ஭ ᪥  0  1, ஦  0 
         39    ᥪ    1  8,  ᪮  ᥪ  ⮩
         㦥 楤 㤥   㫥:

               = ( - 1) + ( * 8) + ( * 320)

                㦥  楤  頥     
         訡,    ஬    㪠뢠 ⤥쭮 
         ᫮ 訡.  ⮢,  ᫮   
         訡 ਢ  ᫥饩 ⠡:

                                 
                      
              ___     __________      ________________________________

              1-       128            ⢥  ᪮
              2-        64           訡 ᪠ (
                                       ⥭/  ६頥
                                        㦭 ஦)
              3-        32           訡 ࠢ (. ᠭ
                                       ஫  ""  
                                       2)
              4-        16           訡 横᪮ 筮
                                       ஢筮  (CRC), -
                                       砥 訡  
              5-         8           訡  (訡  אַ
                                       㯥  )
              6-         4                 ( -
                                         ᥪ, 
                                       訡 ଠ஢)
              7-         2           ᪥ 饭   (
                                       樨 )
              8-         1            ᯮ


                㦥  楤   祭 
          ⥭ ᥪ஢ ⮩  ᪥,  ⢥ 
         ⥬  楫, ਬ,  ⥭ 㧮筮  
         ࠢ筨 䠩 (.   5 ⥫  ஡
            ᪥).
              뢠    38,    ⭠筮    祭   26,
         ᯮ   ᥪ  , 筮 ⮬  
         뢠  37  ᯮ    ⥭ ᥪ஢. ⠫
         ஡ ࠡ   楤 .
              㭪樨,   ᫥,  믮
           ⥬ BIOS  .  ᯮ짮 楤 , 祬,
           २⢠  -     ᯥ稢   ⮬᪮
         ७ 樨  ⠭  砥 訡,  ⠪
            ᯮ짮 ࠧ ⨯ ᪥.
                 楤      
           ᪮쪮 ᥪ஢ ᪠. २⢠   ⪨
         ⥭/      ᥪ    ஡
         ᬠਢ   7.
              뢠 39, ⭠筮 祭 27,  ॠ
         ,  稢    ",    ⠢  
         ".    楤  ᯮ  ணࠬ,  
                  ᫥  㧪    믮.
         ᭮ 祭 ⠪  楤  ⮨    ᯥ祭
           㧪  ணࠬ,    ᬮ 㦨 
         㦨 뢠  ᯮ짮 㣨 ணࠬ.
               ᫥  ⥬,  ꥬ      
         ᯮ  ࠬ  뢠   ணࠬ . 
         ணࠬ 㦠   , ᯮ  
         १ࢨ஢  .    맮 뢠 39, 
         孥 ࠭ १ࢨ஢    
         㪠뢠      祩,   ᫥     ᫥  祩
         ணࠬ,    १⭮.
                 楤  ᯮ  ணࠬ,  
          ᫥⢨ 믫 㭪樨 㦨 뢠,
         ந室 ᫥饥. ணࠬ     믮  
         ࠧ,     㪠뢠      室  㧨  
         ணࠬ  ।   ࠢ.  ᫥  ⮣  ணࠬ
         ⮫쪮  㦠  ᢮  ᮡ⢥   ⠡ ஢
         뢠  뢠  뢠  39.  ,    ⮫쪮
         ந  뢠, ࠢ 㤥 । १⭮
         ணࠬ.
               ᥬ ᠭ 楤  㦨  뢠
         ,      41  㭪  .        㭪権
         뢠   뢠 33,⭠筮 祭
         21.  ᫥   㭪樨.
              㭪  0  筮 ᮮ⢥ 뢠 32 -
           蠥  믮  ணࠬ.  祢,      
         室  㦤  २⢠ ⮣   ᯮᮡ
         ⢫ ⮩ 樨.
              㭪  1 ᯮ  ⥭   ᨬ,
            ,  ⮡ࠦ   ࠭ ᯫ
         ( ० "").  㭪    .  ᫨
                 ᯥ樠쭮  祭, ਬ,
         㭪樮쭠  ,      ⨥   ८ࠧ   
         ᫥⥫쭮  ⤥ ᨬ,   
         室 믮 㭪 .  ⮬    
         ᨬ      CHR$(0),   ன -   ᨬ
         .  ஡ ᯮ짮        
         ᠭ      10    ᬮ७  .   
         㭪  㦨 ᯥ樠  
         Ctrl-Break,      ᯮ    뢠  ࠡ
         ணࠬ.
              㭪  2 ᯮ  뤠  ᨬ 
         ࠭ ᯫ.  , ਬ, 䠢, ᨬ 
          믮 祭 .  , ᮡ 
         믮   ந室   .           ஡
         ᬮ७   8  ਫ 4.
              㭪    3 ᯮ     
           ᨭ஭  裡.    㭪      
         ᨬ     頥  ଠ樨  訡. 
             砥,    㭪    ᯥ稢
         訩   ࢨ,   祬   楤   ⥬   BIOS    .
         ⢥騥 楤 ⥬ BIOS     뢠  
          11.
              㭪   4 ।    १ 
         ᨭ஭  裡 , ⠪ ࠧ, 믮 ,
          㭪樨 3.
              㭪    5 ᯮ  ।  
          ன .  ⫨稥  楤 ⥬ BIOS 
               㪠   ன⢮  
         ⢫  뢮  -     ࠡ⠥   ⮫쪮      
         ன⢮. ᫨   祭 ᪮쪮 ன
         ,  뢮  㤥  ⢫    ࢮ    .
         ⢥騥  楤 ⥬ BIOS   ᠭ  
         11.
              㭪    6  쭮  ⭠,   ᪮   
         ᯮ       , ⠪   뢮 
         ࠭ ᯫ.  ᨬ, ஬ CHR$(255)    뤠
           ࠭. ᫨  㭪 맢    뢮  ࠭
         ᨬ CHR$(255),   ⥬  ᠬ  㤥  樨஢    
         .          砥    㭪樥  1, 
         ஢ ᯥ樠  ᯮ 塠⮢ .
         ,    ⫨稥    㭪樨    1,  㭪  
           - ᫨        ,    頥
         ਧ ⢨ .  㭪  ᯮ Ctrl-Break
         ᮡ ࠧ.
              㭪      7   筠  㭪樨    1,  
         ᪫祭 ⮣,   ᨬ,      ,  
         ⮡ࠦ    ࠭.        㭪  6, 
         㭪  ᫥   Ctrl-Break.
              㭪  8 믮   㭪樨,     㭪
           1,      ⮡ࠦ   ᨬ  ࠭.
          㭪樨  1   ⫨稥  㭪樨   7,  
         㭪 ᫥  ⨥  Ctrl-Break.
              ,  ⭮,  㦥  ⨫,    㭪樨  1,6,7   8
         ᯥ稢  楤        
         쬨      権       ,
         ⮡ࠦ  ᨬ  ࠭   ஢ન  
          Ctrl-Break. ⮡     祭, 㤮
         ।⠢  ᪠   ᫥饩 ⠡:

              㭪                 ஢ઠ Ctrl-Break
              --------     --------     ----     --------------------
                 1                                   
                 6                                 
                 7                                  
                 8                                  

              ஬ ⮣, 㭪 6 㡫   㭪 뢮  
         ࠭.  ᭮,     楤 ॠ  樨,
          ⥬ ᯮ   ,        
         ⥭       祭    㦨
         .
              㭪  9 ᯮ  뢮  ࠭  ᯫ
         ப  ᨬ,  祬   ᨬ 뢮 ⠪ ,
            㭪 2. । ࠭ ࠡ  ⮩
         㭪樨,    㬥蠥  , 砥  ⮬,
             ᯮ짮  稪  ᨬ    ப,   
         ⢥  ࠭⥫ ᯮ   , "$".
          譨 ࠧ ,   ࠧࠡ뢠    
         㭨ᠫ쭠 ⥬,   ।⢮  襭 ।
         ᯥ樠 .
              㭪      10,   ⭠筮   祭  ,
         ᯥ稢 ஢   .   ६ 
         ⠫ 㭪樨   ।  ᨬ,
          㭪  祭   ,
            蠥   ⨥      ""  (ENTER).
         ⠫  㭪樨        ணࠬ
          ॠ஢   ᨬ.   
         ⠪ ⮪   室  ணࠬ  믮
            権   ।஢,   ਬ,  樨
                 ,   饩   ࠭
         ।饣   ᨬ.   㭪      10   ।  
         ⠭ ।⢠ ।஢   ᯮ殮  襩
         ணࠬ,        祭  㤮.   
         㭪権 㦭 ᯮ짮  ᢮ 砥,     
               䥪⨢      짮     ﬨ,
         ।⠢묨    ᯮ殮  樮  ⥬.
         ⮡  ᯮ짮  㭪樥 10,  襩 ணࠬ 
           ।ᬮ७    ,   ࠧ   ண   
         .   㪠뢠  ࠧ ,  ன
          ᯮ , ⮡ ᮮ ,  ᪮쪮  ᨬ
         室  .
              㭪      11,   ⭠筮   祭  ,
         ᯮ  ஢ન,   -   
         ,     .  㭪樨 6,  㭪 
           㤥  . ,  ⫨稥    㭪樨
         6, ᫨    ,        ந
         ஢ઠ   Ctrl-Break.
              㭪  12, ⭠筮 祭 ,  頥
                    ᨬ.
          ⠪ ,  짮⥫ 筥  ᨬ
             ०  祬  筥  .  ᫨ ணࠬ
         㦨 訡    뫠  짮⥫  ᮮ饭  
         訡,  室   㢥७  ⮬,   
          ᨬ  ⢥⮬  ᮮ饭  訡, 
           ⪮  祣-  ࠭.  ⮣  㦨
         㭪 12,      .  (᭥  ⮣,  
         ࠡ⠥           10).  㭪
         筮 । 믮 㭪権 1,6,7,8  10. , 
         ஬   ,  ७ ஬,   ஬
         ணࠬ, ᯮ騬  㭪樨 10.
               ᫥ 㭪樨 㦨  ᪥.  ⮡  
         ,    祬      ,  室  
         ଠ樨  ࣠樨  䠩    ᪥,  饩  
            5.    ᯮ짮  設⢠      㭪権
         室  ࠢ 䠩 (FCB) ,     
         뢠  㤥.
              㭪      13,   ⭠筮   祭  D,
         ᯮ   ᪮ ⥬. ᫨  
           ᪮, 롨ࠥ  㬮砭,  ᭮ 
         ᪮ . . ⠪ 㭪 25.
              㭪     14,   ⭠筮   祭   ,
         ᯮ    ⠭  ᪮, 롨ࠥ
          㬮砭. ᪮    ஬    0    3,  
         ᮮ⢥ 䨪ࠬ    D. . ⠪ 㭪 25.
              㭪    15,    ⭠筮   祭   F,
         ᯮ, ⮡   ᪮  䠩.    ணࠬ
            ନ஢    ࠢ  䠩  ⠭⭮
         ଠ , 騩  䠩. ᫨  䠩      
         ᪥,    ணࠬ  頥  ਧ  訡.  ᫨
         室   砥  ⢨  䠩    㪠  
         ᮧ    䠩    ⠪  ,  ᫥ ᯮ짮
         㭪  22.   ᪮   ⨥   䠩   ⠭
         ᪮  ᮥ    ⮬ ࠢ筨 䠩 
          ࠢ 䠩  ணࠬ.
              㭪      16,   ⭠筮   祭  10,
         ᯮ, ⮡  䠩,     㭪樥
         15.  ࠪ᪨    㭪樨  䠩 砥 
         䨪樨  ࠢ筨 䠩  ᪥.
              㭪      17,   ⭠筮  祭  11,
         ᯮ  ᪠ ᪠  ࠢ筨 䠩 ᪥.
           㭪  ᯮ   㪠   த
          䠩, ⠪  ":*."  "???QQ.INC". ᫨ 
         室饥  , ⮣   ନ   ࠢ
         䠩  ⮣ 䠩,   襩 ணࠬ  
         䠩.   ᯮ짮   த     蠥    
           ࠡ  䠩.
              㭪    18,   ⭠筮   祭   12,
         ᯮ  த ᪠ 䠩  த ,
         ⮣ 㭪樥 17. 㭪 17 ᪠   頥
         ࢮ    室  .  㭪  18 த  
         頥   ᫥ 室 䠩.
              㭪    19,   ⭠筮   祭   13,
         ᯮ  㤠 䠩  ᪥.   䠩
           த, ⠪   ॡ ᯮ짮 㭪樨
         17  18  㤠 㯯 䠩.
              㭪      20,  ⭠筮   祭  14,
         ᯮ  ᫥⥫쭮  ⥭  䠩.    䠩
         뢠   ।   .   ᫨  ⥭  訫
         㤠祩,  । ਧ 訡.
              㭪    21,   ⭠筮   祭   15,
         ᯮ      ᫥⥫쭮      䠩.  ᫨
           諠 㤠筮,  । ਧ 訡.
               㭪樨 ᫥⥫쭮 ⥭  ,    ⠪
         㭪樨  אַ  ⥭    , 33  34, ᠭ ,
         ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᥩ 䨪஢  -   
         ᯥ稢  ।  ࠡ  ﬨ ६ ,
         ਬ, ப  ⥪⮢ 䠩.  ࠡ    ﬨ
         ६         ணࠬ      ⢫
          ࠡ ᥩ.        ।  
         ⮣  砥    ᠭ  䠩    ନ    
         ᫥⥫쭮 䠩  ﬨ    , 
          ᬮ    ᨬ쭮.
              㭪      22,   ⭠筮  祭  16,
         ᯮ  "ᮧ" 䠩. ᫨ 䠩   ⠪  
         ,      ᯮ  ୮;  ᫨    - 
         ᮧ   ࠢ筨 䠩   㫥  
         .    㭪  ⠪ 뢠 䠩, ⠪   
         ᯮ짮  㭪樨 15, ᫨ 䠩 室 ,
         ᨬ    ⮣,    䠩    . 㭪 23,
         ⭠筮    祭    17,     ᯮ     
         २   ᪮쪨 䠩.  ⮩ 㭪樨
         ⠪  ᯮ짮 த .
              㭪樨  ஬ 24  .
              㭪      25,   ⭠筮  祭  19,
         ᯮ          ।         ᪮,
         ᯮ饣  ᥩ   㬮砭. ᫮  ᪮
           0   3 ᮮ⢥     D. . ⠪ 㭪樨
         13  14.
              㭪    26,   ⭠筮   祭   1,
         ᯮ    ⠭  ࠡ祩  ᪠,
         DTA,  ன  믮 樨    ᪥⮩.  ᫨
           ணࠬ      DTA, ⠭ 
         㬮砭,      㤥  ᥣ  128        㤥
         뫠    襩  . DTA -     ᠬ,
           ⥭/ ᥪ஢, ᯮ㥬 .
              㭪    27,   ⭠筮   祭   1,
         ᯮ    ।    ,    ஬
         室 ⠡  ࠧ饭  䠩  ⥪饣  ᪮  
         㣮   ଠ樨      ᪥.    㭪    
         ᯮ짮    ᬮ   ⠡   ࠧ饭   䠩,
         ਬ,   ⮡   ⠭   ᪮쪮    ⠫  
         ᪥. 稭  ᨨ 2.00    㭪  ᯥ稢
           ⮫쪮    ࢮ    ,  । ⨯
         ᪥.
              㭪樨  ࠬ  28  32    .
              㭪      33,   ⭠筮  祭  21,
         ᯮ    ⥭  ந쭮  ,  㪠뢠
         ᪨    ஬   .         
         ந쭮      䨪஢        
         .
              㭪    34,   ⭠筮   祭   22,
         ᯮ  ந쭮   ᪥.
              㭪      35,   ⭠筮   筨  23,
         ᯮ  । ࠧ 䠩.  ᯮ짮
         ⮩  㭪樨    ࠭⥩.  ᯮ짮
         த  䠩.     .    䠩
         ।    ନ    ,  㪠   
         ࠢ  䠩. ⮡  ࠧ  䠩  
         ,  室  ⠭ ࠧ    ࠢ 
         .
              㭪    36,   ⭠筮   祭   24,
         ᯮ    室    ᫥⥫쭮  ०  
         ந쭮.  ⠭  ந쭮    
             ,  ன 室 ⥪ ᫥⥫쭠
         .
               騥    㭪樨    ⭮    㦨
         ᪥.
              㭪    37,   ⭠筮   祭   25,
         ᯮ    ⠭    뢠.  ᪮
          뢠 ⠭  祭  ,  ⭮
           祣  㦭    㭪  -  ࠧ    ᯥ祭
         ⥫쭮 ⥯ .
              㭪     38,   ⭠筮  祭   26,
         ᯮ    ᮧ    ணࠬ  ᥣ 
         浪 ⮢   ᨬ ணࠬ.
                ᭮ ୥  㭪, 㦨騬  䠩
           ᪥. 㭪  39, ⭠筮 祭 27,
         ᯮ    ⥭  ᪮쪨   ᥩ,   稭   
         ந쭮 樨  䠩.
               㭪    ᯮ짮    ᪮쪨
         ⤥  맮  㭪樨  33,  ᫨ ꥬ  
         뢠 楫   䠩.
              㭪    40,   ⭠筮   祭   28,
         ᯮ        䠩,  稭    ந쭮
         樨, ᪮쪨 ᥩ.
              㭪      41, ⭠筮  祭    29,
         ᯮ    ८ࠧ    䠩  ⮬ , 
            짮⥫, ਬ, ":CHAPTER.4",  
         ଠ  ࠢ 䠩,  ᯮ . 
         ᮬ 祭  㭪,    
          䠩  筮     ࠡ  ࠧ
           ८ࠧ    .  ᫨  室,     㭪
               䨪 ᪮,  䠩 
         ७      㬮砭,        㪠  
         㥬    ப.       㭪   ⠪   
         ८ࠧ뢠 த  䠩, 騥   
         ଠ  த  , 饣  ⥫ ,
          ⮣ ॡ ଠ  ࠢ 䠩.
              㭪    42,   ⭠筮   祭   2,
         ᯮ    뢠 ⥬ .  뤠 
            ᥫ, ᮮ⢥ ,    
         .       㢨      11,    ⮬᪨
           ࢮ      ६  ᫥
         । 㭮.  ந室    ६,
           䨪  ६  ᮧ  䠩      
         ࠢ筨  䠩. ᫨ ६  訢  ஬⪥
          㭮  㭮       ࠧ,      㤥
         ୮.
              㭪      43,   ⭠筮  祭  2,
         ᯮ  ⠭ ⥬ .
              㭪    44,   ⭠筮   祭   2,
         ᯮ      뢠   ⥬  ६.  ६
         뤠  , , ᥪ㭤       ᥪ㭤.
         稪   ⠩,  ᯮ騩      ⥬
         ६,   ਬ୮  18  ࠧ    ᥪ㭤,  ⠪  
         祭         ᥪ㭤  쭮  ਡ⥫쭮.
         ᪮  ⠩    १᪠  ਬ୮   
         0,0546  ᥪ㭤,    ᯮ짮  ७ 祭
         ⪨ ஬⪮ ६. ᫥   ᥪ㭤,
         ,  믮  筮    稪 ⠩ 
         १ । ஬⮪ ६  祭    
         ᥪ㭤  ࠢ୮ ।    0  99.
          砥,   ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ⥬
         ६  樨 ᥢ-砩 ᥫ.
              㭪      45,   ⭠筮  祭  2D,
         ᯮ  ⠭ ⥬ ६.
              㭪    46,   ⭠筮   祭   2,
         ᯮ    ࠢ 䨪樥   ᪥.
         ᫨ 䨪 ࠧ襭,       㤥
         ஢           訡  ⥬
         ୮  뢠        ࠢ   室묨
         묨. ⭮,   ॡ   㭪,  ⠪
            ᪥  筮      쭮  ⥫
         ஢ન 믮 ⮬᪨. , ᫨   ॡ
         䨪,  ᯮ 㭪 46.
               ᫨  騥 㭪樨 . , 
          ᬮਬ  , ।⠢塞 ⥬  BIOS
           ,    ,      㭪樨  㡫.
         ,  設⢥ 砥   BIOS      㦨
         ᮢ襭 ࠧ 㦤.
                ᫥饩      稭  ᬮ७  
         । - ᪥  ଠ⮢ ࠭   ᪥.