                           3.   IBM/PC


                ⮩      ᬮਬ  ࠡ  "" IBM/PC -
         ய  8088  -         믮   ᫥,
         ᯮ      頥  譨 ஬.  ⮩ 
          ⠪   뢠, ⥪  .
              ࠪ᪨  ਠ ⮩   ⭮
            㦥  㯮訬    ६    ᮢ.  
           ⥬,         ᭮   㤥      
         㭪樮஢   ய   8086/8088,   饣  
         IBM/PC, ஢, ࠡ  ࠢ  樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS.

              3.1. ࣠  ᮭ쭮 

                 ᭮ ⮢ , 騬 
         ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢,  . ७ 
           -      ࠭  ଠ樨,  ன 
         ࠡ⠥. ७        ६
         ࠡ稬 ࠭⢮;  ⫨稥    , ⠪
           䠩    ᪥,  ।祭     ६
         ࠭  ଠ樨.  ଠ    ७    
         ࠭  몫祭 ⠭.
                     ᪮   ࠡ⮩      
         ய  ᪨  㦠騬,      -
         ࠡ稬 ⮫: ࠭⢮  ᯮ  ६,  
         믮 ࠡ.
                ࣠   ⢠ 祥, 
           ࠭ 祭;   祩  
         ᮬ.      祥  ,  ᮡ⢥, ⨯ 祭,
                  ࠭,   ⫨      ࠧ
         ஢.      祭 让
         ࠧ 祩,   64    祩.   訥
         祩 뢠 "᫮". 㯥- ३  
          ਥ஢  ࠡ  ᫮.
              㤭 ࠡ  ᫮ 让  砥  
         ⮬,    筮 ணࠬ ࠡ   楫묨 ᫮,  
          ﬨ. ⮬ 設⢮ ᮢ६ ஢,   
         ⮬ ᫥  ᮭ , ᯮ ⥫쭮
         訩 ࠧ 祩 , 饩 ᥣ   8    
         .    -  祭 㤮  ଠ樨, 
         ⮬,    ࠭   㪢 䠢 
           ᨬ.  ᪮  ᨬ    筮 
         , ନ ""  "ᨬ"  ᯮ    
         ⮬  ᫥.
               IBM/PC ᯮ 祩   ᥬ 
           ,      ࠭  祭,  
          ࠧ ᥬ ⠬.  祭    쬮
         ⥯  256.  稭, ᠭ  祩  ,
            ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮.  ,  
         ᮤন  䠢⭮ ᨬ - ⠪ 뢠   ASCII.
               ६   ᬠਢ   ᫮.  256
            祭      ᬠਢ        
         ⥫  ᫠  0  255,   ᫠   
             -  128    +  127.  ஬  ⮣,    
         ᯮ짮      讣  ꥬ  , ਬ,
         ப ᨬ  塠⭮ ᫠.
                 㤮⢠   㫨஢   ᨬ묨   묨
          室 ⮡  ᨬ ८ࠧ뢠 
         ⮢ 稭. 設⢮ ஢,    IBM/PC,
         ᯮ    ASCII,  ਪ᪨   ⠭    
           ଠ樨.   設⢮  ஢     "IBM"
         ᯮ    奬  ஢ ᨬ, 뢠
         EBCDIC; ⥬ ASCII  EBCDIC ࣠    ࠧ,  
         ४஢      ⥬    讣 㤠 
         ।⠢).
                ASCII ᫮ 祭 ᢠ ᥬ 筮
         ᯮ㥬 ᨬ, ⠪  㪢 䠢,    
         ,   ,      㭪樨.   ᪮쪮   
         १ࢨ஢  ࠢ, ਬ, ⮡ 㪠 
         ப  ᨬ.  ᯥ樠 ࠢ騥   ᭮
          祭  CHR$(0)    CHR$(31).  ᯮ짮  
         ᯥ樠    IBM/PC      ᮡ⥩, 
         饭 ਫ 4.
               ASCII -  ᥬ⮢ , 騩  128  
         祭  .  ⠭    ASCII  筮  ᯮ
          128  256  祭,     .
         ⠫  128    ᯮ짮    ࠧ  楫,
         ࠧ  "७  "  ᨬ    ASCII.   
           ⠭⮢ ᯮ짮 ७ 
          ࠧ ன⢠ ஢ ᯮ   -ࠧ.
         ᯫ  IBM/PC ᯮ ७  몮, ⫨
          ᪮, ࠧ ⥬᪨  ᨬ,    ⠪
         ᥢ᪨  ⮢,    ᯮ짮 
         ᮢ. ணࠬ, ਢ  ⨭ 1.1,  뢠
          ᯥ樠 ᨬ IBM/PC,  ஡   ࣠樨
         ᪠   8.
              ⠭⭮  IBM/PC 筮 ன⢮  MX-80
          "ᮭ" ८ࠧ  ᨬ ७ 
         ASCII      ,  ⫨騥    ࠦ  
         ࠭.  ᫨    ணࠬ 1.1,  ⥬ ᯮ짮
           PrintScreen   (   ࠭)      ஢
         ᮤন  ࠭    饥  ன⢮,    ᬮ
         ࠢ ࠭             
         ७  ASCII.
                ⠭    ASCII    ७ 
         ASCII  IBM/PC     .      
         ਢ   㪮⢠  ᨪ. 祭 㤮 ଠ
         ⠡ ਢ  ਫ C   孨᪮  㪮
          IBM/PC.
                      ᬠਢ  ⭮ ᯮ짮
         , ,    ᫮ 祭,  祬  
         㬥     ᯮ ᪮쪮  .
         ᫨ 室 ப ᨬ,  ࠭    ᥤ
         祩  ,      ᨬ    ;  ᫥
         ᨬ 뢠   , ..       訬
         ᮬ.
              ᫨  ॡ    楫  ᫮    
         ,      뢠      ᪮쪮   ,   ⠪
         ᯮ   冷.      ࠭   ଠ
         ᯮ  2      16  ,    祭  㤮   
         16-ࠧ來   ,   ⠪    8088.    ନ
         ய 8088  塠⭮  ᫮  뢠  ᫮.
             8088  ᯥ樠쭮  ࠧࠡ⠭   ࠡ 
         ᫮.   ᯮ짮        ଠ  -
         -,  塠      -       ⠪ ப
         ࠭  塠     ࠡ      㦭
         ᯥ樠 ணࠬ.
                ᫠,  騥       ᪮쪨 ,
         ࠭   ய  8088,    ࠧ  
         祩  ᫥⥫쭮,  稭    襣   ᫠.
            ᯮᮡ   ᪮쪮   ਢ祭        設⢠
         ᯥ樠⮢,          யࠬ  
         "⥫". ᫨  ணࠬ ࠡ⠥  ⤥묨 ⠬  
         , 室 뢠 ⠪ ᯮᮡ ࠭.
              䬥᪨  ᮯ  8087  ᯮ  ᪮쪮
         ᯥ樠     ଠ⮢,           塠⮢
         楫᫥  ଠ      ଠ    饩 ⮩:
         塠,  塠      ⨡,      ⠪
             ଠ         묨   ࠬ.
         ய  8088  ।⢥      ᯮ   
         ଠ,      ᫨      IBM/PC   祭  䬥᪨
         ᮯ 8087,  ଠ ⠭     ७
          ଠ⮢ .

              3.2. ਭ樯 樨

                祩    ,  ᯮ
           宦.  -  ᫠,  稭      
         ࢮ  祩  㢥稢騥    ࠢ   ᫥
         祩 . ᪮  -    ᫠,  
           ᯮ짮  䬥᪨  樨   ᫥
         ᮢ .
              ⥪    뢠  ᮡ⢥
         ࠭祭    稭 ᮢ. 訩  
         । 쥬 ᭮ ࠭⢠      ,
           쥬      ᯮ짮. 筮 
         ᯮ    襣  쥬,  祬  ᪠   
         ﬨ    樨.   ᫨   ⥪   
         ।ᬠਢ   讥   ᭮   ࠭⢮,    
         뢠   ஢   ࠭祭       ⠪
         .
              IBM/PC ᯮ  樨  ய
         8088   .         8088      20  ,
         ᫥⥫쭮,   ᮢ   ⮩
         ⥯   1024 .
                讥  ᭮  ࠭⢮ ᢮
         ᯮ짮     ᯥ樠  楫,    
         㢨  ᫥饬 ࠧ. । ⨬ 室 ࠧ
          ⮬,  16-ࠧ來   ࠡ⠥    20-ࠧ來묨
         ᠬ    ࠭祭     ணࠬ
         짮⥫.
                 䬥᪨  権,    
         믮  ய 8088, ࠭稢 樥 
         16-ࠧ來묨 ᫠,     祭    0  
         65535   64 . ᪮      20
         ࠧ冷, 室 뫮 ࠧࠡ  ᯮᮡ  ࠢ  20
         ࠧ鸞.  襭 뫮  ⥬ ᯮ짮 ਭ樯
         ᥣ஢ 樨.
              ᫨    16-  ࠧ來  ᫮     
             ,      20-  ࠧ來
         ᫮,  ஥    ᯮ짮  . 
           㫥    ᤢ  ᫠        ࠧ鸞
         䠪᪨  砥  㬭 ᫠  16  ⥯ 
         祭  㤥  ⠢  1024 .    ᮦ,  ᫮  
           ﬨ      ᮢ ⮫쪮   16
         祥  - ,  ன 稢   .
          ⠫ 祩,   稢   
         ⠫  16  権      ,      
         ᮢ  ⠪ ⮤ 樨.
                 ⥫쭮   襭   ஡   20-ࠧ來
         樨 ᯮ  16-ࠧ來 ᫠. ⠥, 
                        (室騥 
         । ࠧ來 ⪨).       20-ࠧ來  ᫮
         뢠 ᥣ⭮  . ஥ ⭠筮
         ᫮  ᤢ   ࠧ鸞  ᯮ   ᢮
         ଠ쭮  .    ᫮ 뢠 ⭮⥫쭮 
         .            ᥫ      
         20-ࠧ來  ,  騩 ᮢ    1024 
         祥   ᭮ ࠭⢥ IBM/PC. ⭠ 
             祩    ᮬ,    16,   祩
         뢠   ࠭楩   ࠣ.   ⥫쭮   祭
         㪠뢠     祩    ।  㤠  
         ࠭ ࠣ. 㭮 3.1 력   .
             ⮡  ᢮  , ᬮਬ    ࠧ.
           20-ࠧ來     ﬨ,  
          ।⠢  ᮡ  16-ࠧ來  ᫮.  ⭠
             ࠡ뢠  ⠪,     
         ⥫     .    ᥣ⭠    
         ⭮       ᥣ ᭮ ࠭⢠ - 
           㪠뢠 ⮫쪮  ⭠  ࠭,  
         ,   , 稢騩   . ⭮⥫쭠
           ਡ  ᥣ⭮ , ࠧ  
         . ⭮⥫쭠      祩
         ,   祩, 㪠뢠 ᥣ⭮ , 
          祬  64 .
               ⭮⥫쭠      ⮫쪮
          ᫥  ,  ਭ 祭  0 
           64.   権  ᠬ 易
           ⭮⥫쭮    .  ⭠     
         䠪᪨  ⠭    ᮬ   ࠡ祩 
         ࠧ஬  ? K,      ᮢ  ⭮⥫쭠
          .
                㤮 ᯮᮡ  ᥣ஢ ᮢ,
         ᯮ짮 ண ணࠬ DEBUG (ᠭ   6)
             㢨.  ஬  ⮣,      ᫥ 
         ᥬ ⨭, ਬ  ⮬,    ਢ  
         ਫ      孨᪮  㪮  IBM. 砫
         뢠  ᥣ⭠    ,  ᫥    ᫥
         稥,  ⥬ ⭮⥫쭠  . ਬ, ᫨
         ᥣ⭠   ( ⭠筮 ଥ)  2222,  
         ⭮⥫쭠   - 3333,   ᥣ஢ 
         㤥 뢠   2222:3333.  ᪨  20-ࠧ來
           㤥    ⭠筮   祭 25553,
         砥 ⠪  ᫮:

                22220  +  3333  =  25553

              (  ⮣ ࠧ   ਢ  ᪮쪮  ਬ஢
         ࠡ  ᥣ஢묨 ᠬ  ᨪ  ᪠).
                ࠡ   ᥣ஢묨 ᠬ ய
         8088  ᯥ樠  ॣ  ᥣ⮢,  ।祭
           ࠭  ᥣ⭮    ᮢ. 㧨  ॣ
         ᥣ ஥ 祭,   ᮢ  ᫥騥  
           64    祥  .    祭  ॣ
         ᥣ   ࠡ ⮫쪮   64   ⠬  
         饣  ᭮  ࠭⢠    1024 .  ⥬  
         祭  ॣ ᥣ   ᮢ    祩
         .
              ⮡      ६ ࠡ
          祬  64 ,  ய 8088  ।ᬮ७
           ࠧ  ॣ ᥣ,    
         ᮡ  祭.        ᯮ   
         ࠧ  楫  -    ணࠬ, 㣠 
         ᯮ  ࠭ ,  묨    
         ࠡ⠥  ணࠬ.  ⮬   ॣ ᥣ 뤥
          ணࠬ    .    㪠    
         ணࠬ     ᥣ ᯮ ॣ CS.
          㪠 ᥣ   ᯮ  ॣ  DS.  
             ,  ᯮ㥬    ᯥ樠 楫,
         뢠 ⥪    㪠뢠 ॣ஬ ⥪  SS.
         ,   ,    ᯥ祭  ⥫  ⥩
         樨    ॣ  ⥫쭮  ᥣ   (
         ᥣ ७) ES.
                  ணࠬ    ⠢      믮,
         樮 ⥬, ⠪  DOC,  롨ࠥ  祩  
         ࠧ    ᯮ짮   ࠧ饭  
         ணࠬ,   ⥪.  ॣ  ᥣ⮢  CS,DS    SS
             祥.  믮 ணࠬ 
           ॣ  室 㦭 祩 .
                ,    ॣ ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮
           㪠뢠    ᥣ  , ᯮ 
               㣠.      㪠뢠      祩,
         室騥               㣠    
         ᯮ騥     ࠧ. ᫨ 室 ᥣ 
            ࠧ饭 ணࠬ  ,  ᥣ
           ᥣ   ᯮ 冷.   ࠣ
            ᥣ      ᥣ    ᯮ  
         믮   ணࠬ   -ࠧ,   64-   ,
         㥬   ᮮ⢥騬   ॣࠬ  ᥣ⮢,  
         ᥪ.    .3.2          ᥣ -
         ,    ⥪ -  ᯮ짮   
          ᥣ⮢  .
              ᫨    ணࠬ          ᮤন   ᢮
         ॣ஢ ᥣ⮢,      ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  64
                쥬 64.  㣮 ஭, ᫨
         ணࠬ   㤥   㫨஢    ᮤন    ॣ஢
         ᥣ⮢,      ᬮ ࠡ  묨  쥬,
             1024.    ᯮ짮      ०
         ࠡ,     ࠪ⨪ 筮 䨪 ᮤন ॣ
         ᥣ        室    ᮤন
         ॣ    ᥣ.  ᯮᮡ ࣠樨 ࠡ
         ন   ஬       ய    8088,
         ᯥ稢騬   祭   㤮   ᯮᮡ  㧪  ॣ
          ᥣ CS, ⥬ ᯮ짮    FARCALL  
         FARRET.
              ࠪ᪨  १  ⠪ ࣠樨 ࠧ 
         ⮬,     몮    ᯮ  ணࠬ
         ᮣ襭,      㢥稢  쥬  ணࠬ
         ࠪ᪨ ࠭祭,      ६      㥬
               ࠭祭  64.        
         ࠭祭, ࠡ  ᪠  ஬ ᨪ. 
         "஥"    ᨪ   IBM/PC ᮡ⢥
         믮塞 ணࠬ  ᠬ ,   , 
           ⠥ ᢮ ணࠬ  ᨪ, 䠪᪨ 
               .        ࠧ,    
          ᨪ 㬬 쥬    
         襩 ணࠬ   ॢ  64,    
         ᮢ ॣ  DS.
                ᨪ,  ⠪  ᪠   । ⥯
           㫨஢  ᥣ஢묨   ᠬ.   
          ।⢥  ᮤন ॣ஢ CS,DS,SS
          ES - 몮   ࠢ  ⨬ ॣࠬ,
              ᮢ襭 . , ।
         ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮  ணࠬ ᥣ஢  樨
           .
                ਢ ᠭ ᯮ짮 ⠪ ᯮᮡ 
         ᨪ.   ᥣ      ।    
            DEFSEG.     몮  ।⢠  ᨪ,
         ਬ,    PEEK    POKE,  ࠡ      ᠬ
         ⭮⥫묨  祭,  ஬ DEFSEG.
              ਬ, ᫨  㯮訩   2222:3333,
           ᨪ       祭    ⢫
         ᫥騬 ࠧ:

              10  DEFSEG=$H2222  '⠭  祭 ᥣ ࠢ
                                  ⭠ 2222
              20 =PEEK(&H3333) ' 祭, ᬥ饭    3333
                                 ⭠
              30 REM   ਬ ஢塞    ॣ -
                                     㪢  , ᫨   
                                 ॣ,   ॢ    孨
                                 ॣ
              40IF(CHR$(X)>="a")AND(CHR$(X)<="z")THEN POKE&H3333,(X-32)

                ࠧ,    ணࠬ   ᨪ   
         祩  ⢫    樨 ஢
         DEF  SEG    PEEK    POKE.        砥 
         ⨭  ணࠬ  1.1,  3.1    8.1,  ᯮ   ⠪
          ᨪ  ࠧ 楫.
              ᪠   ࠧ蠥      ᯮᮡ  ணࠬ
         ᯮ짮  ᥣ஢  樨,  ࠢ    
         㭨஢     , 祬 ᨪ.  ᪠ 
         । ६  ᥣ஢ , ਬ:

              VAR ਬ_ : adasmem,

          ⥬ ।⢥   ᥣ  ⭮⥫
          ('.s'  '.r', ᮮ⢥⢥):

              ਬ_.s : = # 2222;
              ਬ_.r : = # 3333;

                 ᢠ 믮,  ⢫
              㪠⥫ ᥣ஢ :

              x : = ਬ_^;
              if(chr(x)> = "a") and (chr(x)< = "z") then
              ਬ_^ : = x - 32;

              3.3. ࣠  IBM/PC

               ᭮ ࠭⢮     , IBM/PC
           㤮    ᯮ짮 , 祬
         設⢮ 㣨,   ᮭ  ஢.  
         ꥬ  । 쭮  ࠧ.  
         ஭,  १ࢨ஢  ।  祥     
           ࠭祭     ਬ . 
         IBM/PC १ࢨ ᪮쪮  ⥩    孨  
         .        ᮡ 祭,   
          ⠢  ᢮ ᯮ짮.   ࠧ
          ⮨⢠ ᯮ짮 १ࢨ஢ 
           ࠭     襣  ꥬ    
         ᢮ ᯮ짮.
                 .  3.3.      奬  ।
         .    ⢥  饣  ꥬ  , 稭 
         祩   C000      ,  ࠪ᪨  ᥣ  
         ﭭ  騬  ன⢮   . ( 쭥襬
           㯮騥       ᯥ樠쭮 
             ⭠筮 .) ᪨  
         ⮫쪮 孨 8, 稭   FE00,   室
         ⥬  BIOS  (஡ ᠭ   6). ⥬ BIOS 
           砥   ᭮ 㦥 楤 IBM/PC,  ⮬
         ᫥  ⮢  ணࠬ,  ᪠  祭
         .
              騥  (᫨   ᢥ ) 32 ᯮ 
         ࠭    ᨪ.  ᨪ-  稭  
         祩  F600    稢  ।⢥ । BIOS. 
          6 뢠 ⥯ ᨪ  .    ਭ樯,
               ᭮   ࠭⢠      
         ﭭ ,     ᮮ⢥⢨    騬  ࠢ
         ࣠樨    IBM/PC,        
         C000.  㯮   2,    ⥬    IBM/PC
         ⠭    奬     ᢮  
         ⠭ 奬.     奬  ᮤঠ  BIOS  
         ᨪ.    奬      8.  8 
            ᢮    砫    
            㤥   ࠢ   F400,   ⠪   ⮡    ᯮ
         ।⢥ । ᨪ.
                   ᯮ 让 ᥣ ,
         ।祭  প ࠭ ० ᯫ.  
         ࠭   ଠ樨,  ⮡ࠦ    ࠭,  室
         ᯮ짮 c樠     ,      
         ᯮ    ᯫ, ⠪   , 
           ᮥ.  IBM/PC ࠭  室   饥
         ᭮  ࠭⢮    (  ⨢  
         ࠧ頥   ७  ᯫ).     8  
          ஡ ᬮਬ ࠧ饭  ᯮ짮 ࠭
         .
               ࠭  稭   B000  
         64,      C000.      .
          , 稭      B000,  ᯮ
         ஬ ᯫ.  , 稭  
         B800, ᯮ 梥 ᪨ ᯫ.   8 
         9    ஡ 뢠   ᯮ짮 ⮩
         .
                     ᯫ  ஢    ॡ    
         ᯮ  32, 뤥  .  ஬  ᯫ
         ᯮ ᥣ 4,  梥⭮ ᪨ ᯫ ᯮ
         16.  ⠢           饥   ६   
         ᯮ,          ᮢ襭
         ᯫ ஢.
              ᪨,   ᯫ  ஢  뤥  
         ,   祬      64   B000     C000.      64,
         ।騩 , ⠪  १ࢨ஢.    ᮮ⢥⢨  
         㬥樥   IBM/PC  ,  稭騩      A000,
         १ࢨ  ᯮᮡ.  16,  A000    A400,
         १ࢨ஢ ᮢ襭 ⠨ᢥ ࠧ,   
         襣 㪠  ,  祣  ᤥ. ⠫ 48
         ⮣     A400  B000, 室   112, 
         ⠥  १ࢨ஢    ࠭   .   
         ࠧ,     ࠭  ᯮ  
         A400  C000.
               ।,      ,  ᮡ
         18      A000,   ᯮ짮 - 
         ᯫ    ᮪   ࠧ饩   ᯮᮡ,   ஬
         ॡ     祬  筮 ஬ 
         梥⭮ ᪮ ᯫ.  ⭮  ⮫쪮  祭
           16    A000,   祭   ࠭
         .
              ꥬ , ᯮ   A000, ⠢
         64,   ।祭  筮 ᯮ짮 
         .  64,      1000,  ᯮ  
         ᭮  ⥬   IBM/PC,   ⠫ 奬
          ࠧ   ७.   ᮮ饭  
         "IBM",  IBM/PC ন ᥣ 256 ,   ।
         易 ⮫쪮  ⠬ BIOS,   ᪥  
         ஢  ⠪ ꥬ . ᥣ   
         祬 256 .
               筠 ⨢ ,  祭    襬
         ,  ᯮ     饣 ᭮
         ࠭⢠.    ⠪ ꥬ    
           室    ।, 뢠 १ࢨ஢묨
         ᠬ.  ᨬ    ⮣,  祭        襬
           48    576,   ᥣ ࠧ 稭 
          0000.
               ࠧ, ⨢  ᥣ  
          ࠭⢠,  ﭭ  -  孨 .
           ᯮ ࠭ .   ᥬ  ⨬
         ࠧ       ஬⪨  -  ஬⮪    
         ⨢    砫  ࠭        
         ࠭      砫  .    ᯮ㥬 
          IBM/PC.
              ⨢    ६  ᯮ  ࠡ騬
         ணࠬ      묨.   ⮩ ,  砫
         ,  ᯮ    㦤  ᠬ  ய,  
         㣨 訥 ࠣ ᯮ 樮 ⥬
            ⥯஬   ᨪ.   ⠢        
         ᯮ짮 묨 ணࠬ.
                    ,  稭    㫥
            ਬ୮  1500  ,  ।祭  
         ࠭   室  ࠡ祩  ଠ樨    .
         ࢠ    ⮩    ᮤন     뢠,
           ஡  ᬮ७  ࠧ 3.5. ᫥
         ஢ 뢠 ᯮ ଠ, 室 
         ࠢ   楤   BIOS,   樮      
         ⥯ ᨪ,    ⠪    ࠡ稥  祩.  ᫥
         १ࢨ஢       稭
         ࠡ  ,      㦠  ணࠬ    
         ࠭  .
                ᫥    IBM/PC    ⠭, 
           ᯮ           ࠧ饭      ᭮
         ࠭⢥.  ணࠬ      믮 ⥭ 
              ᠬ  .    ।,  
         饭     祭    ਢ    
         ᨣ 訡,   ࠪ⨪ ⮣   ந室.  稭
         ⮣      -  ࠡ  ய  8088    
         砥  饭   /뢮,  ᠭ
             2,      १.    ᫨  
         祭, ய  砥 ࠧ.
              ,    筮   ஢ 稥 
         ⢨      । .   ⮤
         砥      ⥭     ࠧ  ⥩    
         ᫥饩    ஢મ    १⮢.    த⥫
         ᯥਬ  뢠,   設⢥ ⮤ ⥭,
           १  DEBUG,  ⠪       । 몠 ᪠,
         १⮬  ᥣ  뢠      ᥬ  묨
         ⠬;   ᮮ⢥ ⭠筮 祭 FF 
         CHR$(255).
                १       㤨 -  
         ⥭ 饩   ⭮    
           㫨,   .  - 稭,  
             ⭠, ⥯ ᨪ ᥣ 頥
         祭  CHR$(233).      ᮢᥬ ,  
         設⢥ 砥 ᨪ  頥      ࠭
         祭, CHR$(233),  ⥭ 祭 .
                ᢮⢮    ᯮ짮   ஢ન ⮣,
             ᭮  ⠭⢠  ⨢.  ⨭  3.1.
         뢠  ணࠬ  ᨪ,  뢠 
         ᪮       ࠢ  
         祭 CHR$(233). ᫨    ணࠬ  ᢮
         ,          ꥬ       
         祭.  㭮  3.4 뢠 १ 믮 ⮩
         ணࠬ  IBM/PC,   ᯮ짮  ᠭ ⮩
         . ᬮਬ  祬  .
              -, ⬥⨬,  뫨 㦥   
         -    ,  ⮫쪮, ᪮쪮   祭 
         IBM/PC.     稭   0  ᠬ 砫
         .   筠, ⨢  .  
         ⭮         ࠧ 576. 
         室 64  ⥬    512   ७.
              ன  ⨢  稭      B000.
           ,  ᯮ㥬  ஬  ஬  ᯫ.
         ⮬  ᤥ 뢮,    ࠡ⠥  
         ஬  ᯫ,     梥 ᪨ ஬.
         ⨬,   ᫥⥫᪠  ணࠬ  ⠥,  
               32,   ६   ⢨⥫쭮
         ஬  砥 砥 ᥣ  4.  譨
         28 㦥 ணࠬ, , ⭮, ⭥  
           䥪⮢,  易     ࠡ⮩   奬,   
         ন  ॠ  4  .  믮  ⮩  ᠬ
         ணࠬ  ⥬   梥  ᪨  ஬  ⠪
         㦨 32 ,  ॠ쭮 ᯮ ᥣ 16.
             ᫥   ᯫ ணࠬ 㦨 ,
         饥 孨   .    ⮬  ᫥  
         ணࠬ  㦨  ஢  ⮫쪮  ,  ᪮쪮  
         ⢨⥫쭮 .

              ணࠬ 3-1:   ⮡ࠧ ⨢ 
              ௨ - 믮 ⮩ ணࠬ  65 ᥪ
              ( 砫 ᥣ⮢ ਢ    ⭠筮
         )
              ⨢  稭   0
                              稢 8FFF 576 
                                                (589824 )
              ⨢  稭   B000
                              稢 B7FF 32 
                                                (32768 )
              ⨢  稭   F000
                              稢 FFFF 64 
                                                (65536 )
               ࠡ


               3.4.  ࠡ ணࠬ 3.1

                ணࠬ  3.1  ᭠    ᠬ    ᥡ,  
         ᫥    襩  ⥬,       ⠪   
         㦨   訬   ਬ஬      ⥩,  
          । ,   ᪮쭮  .
         ଠ   "IBM"      ᮮ頥,      ᨪ   뢠  
         饩   祭 233,    
         ,    ஢ . ,    
         ⮩稢       ᫥,    ᠫ    ணࠬ,
         ਢ   , ⨭ 3.1.   ⠪ ࠡ
             ਧ뢠.  砩    ⥬,  ᫥  
         ⠫ -  ⮣  ਮ 㡮   ਭ樯
         ࠡ IBM/PC.
              , ᫥ ,   ணࠬ    
         ࠭   १,   ᫨   ᯮ     ,
         ⮢    ମ  "IBM".          ਧ,
         騩  㧭  襩 ⥬.


              3.4. 宯⨢  - ॣ

                  ,      ६   ࠭   
         ய  8088   ᯮ         ॣ,   
         ⢥  ᪮  ࠡ.      ⪮ ᬮਬ
         ᯮ짮 ॣ஢.
                  ᠭ  ॣ஢         
         㪮⢠      ⥬            ᥬ
         ய 8076.   ࠧ ᮤন  筮
         ᢥ   ⮣, ⮡   﫨, ⨢ 㯮
          ॣ஢   ⥪.
              ய           ⭠ࠧ來
         ॣ  饣  祭,  뢠  AX,  BX,  CX  DX.
                ࠧ      쬨ࠧ來
         ॣ,  㪠  襩  (H-high)    襩 (L-low)
           (X) ॣ.    ࠧ,  쬨ࠧ來
         ॣ  뢠  AH,  AL,  BH,  BL,  CH,  CL,  DH   DL.
         ᪮ 쬨ࠧ來 ॣ ।⢥ 易  
         16-ࠧ來묨,      ⭠筮  稭
         ABCD  ॣ AX ⭠  稭 AB    ॣ
         AH  稭 CD  ॣ AL.
                  ॣ  饥 祭,  
              ।   ᯥ樠.   ਬ,   ᫨
                 ᪮쪮   ࠧ, 
         ॣ ᮤন 稪 ७.
               㦥 㯮   ॣ    ᥣ஢
         樨: CD    ᥣ, DS  ᥣ ,
         SS  ᥣ ⥪    ES    ᯮ⥫쭮  ᥣ.
         ⭮⥫쭠  ᥣࢠ   ࠭ 
          ॣ  ᯮ짮    ᥣ⭮  ,
             室      ॣ஢ ᥣ⮢.
         騩   믮塞 ணࠬ  ࠧ  ᮤন
         ॣ஢  IP  (稪  )   CS. 騩   ⥪
         ࠧ  ᮤন  ॣ  㪠⥫  ⥪   (SP)   
         ॣ ᥣ (SS).
                樨        ॣ஬ ᥣ DS
          ᯮ짮 ࠧ ॣ.      ⮩  楫
         㦨  ॣ  DX.  ᯥ樠 ॣ, DI  SI, ⠪
         ᯮ ᢬⭮  ॣ஬ DS.  ࠡ   ப
         ,  ॣ  SI    DI ᯮ  ࠭ ᮢ
         室  ਥ ப ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ  DS.  
         㪠⥫    (BP)   ᯮ짮  ⢥ 
         ⭮⥫쭮 ॣ SS.
              3.5.   室   - 뢠

              K    ᯮᮡ  ॠ஢  
         ᮡ,  ந室騥      ய,  ਬ,
         ⮡  ਭ  ଠ,         .
           ᯮᮡ ࣠樨 ⠪ ॠ樨.  ᯮᮡ
         ⮨    ﭭ      ᮡ.      ᯮᮡ
         뢠  "᪠஢"  "ᮬ"  ⠪  
              ६  .  㣮  ᯮᮡ
            ᯮ 믮 ᢮ ࠡ,  
         ந ᮡ⨥,  ॡ饥    .    室
         뢠    ᯮ짮    "뢠".   ᯮ짮
         뢠   䥪⨢ ࣠  ࠡ
         ,   ᪮   ६  業ࠫ쭮    
         室 宫  .
                ਬ  뢠    뫮      ਢ?
         ਬ, 뢠 ,     
         . 㣮 뢠 ࠡ뢠 ⠩, ஥
            IBM/PC.    뢠  ࠡ  ய  8088
         ᥬ ࠧ  ᥪ㭤. 樮 ⥬  
         ६    뢠  뢠 ⠩; ६
           ᫨    뢠  ⠩  ᫥
         ᫥   㭮.         뢠  ନ
         ஫  ᪮, ᮮ ,    ।
         ᪮   訫. ᪮  樨
         ⥫쭮  , 祬  ࠡ  ᠬ  ய,
         룮 ⮨  ⮬,      襭
         ᪮ 樨  த ᫥     ,  
         ஫  ࠡ⠥  뢠,  㪠뢠饥  
         襭.
              ᭮  뢠  砥    ⮬,    
         ॡ饥    ,  ᮮ   ᥡ 
         ଥ  뢠.  ᯮ짮  뢠    ஬
         २⢠.  ᫨   ॡ  , - 
         ⠪ ⮨    ६,  -      
          ६  ஢ 㯫 ᮡ⨩, ॡ 
         ⥫⢠. C 㣮  ஭,  ᫨     ᮡ⨥,
         ॡ饥      ,        㤥
         㦥, ᪮ 뢠 筮 㦨 ࠧ 
         ᫥  .
                뢠  室,  ⮡  ࠡ  
         뢠, ਬ,   믮  -  筮
         樨.      ⮣      ய   8088  
         ᯥ樠쭠 ,   ⫮  㦨
         뢠,        ,       ୠ      ,
         ⠭ ଠ ०  㦨  뢠.
           뢠   뢠   -
              㤥  㦨,    ⮫쪮  
         ࠧ襭 뢠.
              筮  뢠        ᪮쪮  
         த⥫쭮 ६. 뢠 ⨬   
         祭 ⪨ ஬⪨ ६, 室  믮
           ७  権  ,      
         讣  ᫠  .   ਬ஬ ⠪ 権,
              ࢠ    ,    㦨
         㧪        祭    ॣ  ᥣ⮢.
         ᪮  ॣ 室  ࠢ쭮 ࠡ 
         ணࠬ,  襭 ᮣᮢ 㧪   祭
           ਢ      ࠧ,  ⮬  室
          뢠  ६ 㧪    ᮢ.
              ⮡  ਢ  让  ਬ  ⮣,    祬 
         ਢ    뢠,   ᬮਬ      ணࠬ,
           BEEP    WARBLE.  ᫨      ணࠬ,
         ਫ騩    ⮩  ,            
         ணࠬ, ⮢  ᯮ짮.   ஠ᥬ
            ணࠬ  ᥬ୮  ⨭  3.2,
         ਢ      .   ணࠬ: BEEP  WARSLE,
          㪨        IBM/PC.  (  ⮬, 
           㪨, 㤥  ᪠   11.)  
         ணࠬ       뢭         
         ⮭쭮,    ணࠬ  WARBLE   頥 뢠.
         ⮬  뢠 ⠩஬ ᥬ ࠧ  ᥪ㭤 
           뢠  㦨 祭 ,  砥
         騬.  ணࠬ  BEEP  頥  뢠    
         뢭  .    ணࠬ   
         १  뢠.
              堭 뢠 ࠡ⠥ ᫥騬  ࠧ:  
           ᭮  ⨯ 뢠 ᢮ ᢮ . ਬ,
         뢠 ⠩   8,    ᪨,  ᯮ
           14.   ᠬ 砫 ⨢  IBM/PC ࠭
         ⠡  ᠬ ணࠬ,     뢠  
           ࠧ  뢠.     
         묨 ᥣ஢묨 ᠬ, ⠪      
           ᫮          .   
         뢠 ࠬ 뢠. 뢠  ஬ 0 
         ,  ࠭騩   祩  㫥 ᮬ, 뢠 1
          ᢮   祩 4  ⠪  .    ந室
         뢠    "X",  ,  ࠭騩      4X,
         㦠  ॣ  ணࠬ, .., ॣ CS  
         IP,     稭  믮  ணࠬ 㦨
         뢠,  ࠧ頥  ⮬ .
             ࠡ⪠    뢠   稢,   ணࠬ
         ࠡ⪨   頥    ࠢ    ணࠬ,    
         믮﫠        뢠,   
         ᯥ樠쭮  IRET  "   뢠".  ⮡
         ⠪    믮, 室 ࠭  ⥪
         ⥪騥  ணࢬ   㧪    ॣ  CS    IP
          뢠.
              楯  뢠 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  ࠪ᪮
         襭 ஡ ⢨    譨  ஬.
         ,  ⥬      ᪮  ,  뢠 
            ࣠樨 ७  ࠡ  .
           ਢ    ࠧࠡ⪥    ⨯  뢠, 
         稫  , ᪨  ணࠬ. 
             ਭ樯쭮  ࠧ,     ᯮ짮
         ࠧ    ⤥ ⥣ਨ.
                뢠     㦥   ᬮ५   -   
         ࠡ뢠  ன⢠, ॡ騬  .
          IBM/PC  ⠪  뢠    㤨  .  -,
          ⠪ 뢠 ᪨㥬 뢠, ᯮ㥬
          ᮮ饭  ⪠ ⠭,      2.  ,
         뢠  8  ᯮ ⠩஬,  9 - ன 
         14 -  ஫஬    ᪮,  ᥣ    
         뢠.    ⠪  ᥬ  १ࢨ஢  ஢
         뢠, 6, 7,   10    13    15,      
         ᯮ짮    쭥襬,  ᫨    室 
         ⥫    뢠.        ᥬ
         뢠   㦥   諨   ᢮   祭,  뢠  12
         १ࢨ஢   裡,   뢠  15  -  
         䥩 ன⢠ .
              ᪨   뢠  ନ  ᠬ  ஬
         8088,   砥 - 筮 ᫮.  
         뢠  ।ᬮ७  . 뢠 0  
         ⪥      .  뢠  1  ᯮ  
         ࠢ  蠣  ०  ࠡ  ய,  
         ஬    믮     .      뢠
         ⠢  ⫠稪  蠣 믮 ணࠬ.
         뢠 3 ࠡ뢠   ⠭  "஫
         祪",   ⠪ ᯮ  ⫠. 뢠 4
         ନ   ᫮ ९, ਬ,
         ᫨   १  䬥᪮  樨    頥  
         ॣ.     ࠧ,      ᪨   뢠
         ᯠ      :    䬥᪨ 権
         (        ९)        ⫠
         ணࠬ (蠣 ०  ஫ 窨).
                     ணࠬ   뢠.   ᫨
         ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 㣠  㣮  ணࠬ,
             ।  ࠢ  ⮩ 楤. 筮 
                 CALL.    맮   楤
         ணࠬ    ,  뢠 楤 
              뢠饩  ணࠬ,  ᪮  堭
         맮 ⮬᪨   ,  㤥
         ᯮ짮  뢠  ணࠬ   ᫥   襭   
         믮.  ࠧ  ,    室  ணࠬ 
             筮  㯨          -
             ।⠢  ᯫ⭮.  ࣠樨
         ணࠬ 뢠   ᢮ 室  
         אַ      ⭮ ࠢ,    
         맢 ணࠬ   ࠢ ⭮  ᫥  
         襭,  ⠪  ⮡    ஭     
         ⮭宦 () 㣮.
              ணࠬ 뢠  ᯥ稢  ⠪  
         ⥬  ࠡ⪨  뢠 ᠬ ணࠬ. ਬ, ᫨
         ணࠬ 室 ᫨ ६ ,    ᮢ襭  
         ॡ   ணࠬ  ६ - 筮
          ⮫쪮,  ணࠬ  ६   ᪠
         ணࠬ 뢠 26.
              ணࠬ  뢠  ᯮ    맮  
         㦥 㭪権, ।⠢塞  짮⥫.  
         㭪樨   楤 ⥬ BIOS    㦥
         楤 .  ணࠬ  뢠  ᯮ  
         ।⢥  ᮢ     稭.  
         稭 ⮨  ᯥ祭   㦥
         楤,   뢠         뢠.  
         楤 筮 ਢ    ࠧ  ࠧ饭
           . ᫨ 楤 뢠   뢠, 
         ᯮ騥    ணࠬ    ॡ  ,   
          楤.
              㣠  稭 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 뢠 
         맮 楤 易    .  ᬮਬ
         ਬ.      㧭   8, 㦥 楤 
         㦨  ᯫ  뤠  㪮  ᨣ      
           IBM/PC,    ࠧ    뤠   CHR$(7).
         ।,    室    뤠  㪮
         ᨣ.    ⮣    ணࠬ,  㤥
         ஢  ᨬ 뤠   ࠭      
           CHR$(7)   ஡. ᫥ 砭 ஢ન
          ணࠬ  । ࠢ 筮  楤
         㦨  ᯫ. ᪨,  㦭  ᤥ  讥
          । ⠭⭮ 楤ன 㦨 ᯫ.
         ⮡  ⢮  ணࠬ 室  
         뢠 ᯫ (뢠 16) ᮬ 襩 ணࠬ.
              ண 뢠 祭      ࠡ  IBM/PC.
            ⮩  㤥 饭   ஡
         ᠭ.   4 뢠  뢠  ⥬  BIOS  
         .  ⮡        ᨬ    
         ⥬  㭪権,    ணࠬ,  ਫ    
         ,  ᮤন      䥩  楤,  
         ᥬ,   ⢫      㦥
         楤ࠬ    뢠     몮 ணࠬ஢
         ( ᨪ  ᪠), ⠪  ᯮ⥫ 楤 
         ᪠,  ⢥   ᯮ짮 ᥬ
         楤.
              ० 祬  ᬮ७ 뢠, 室
         㯮     筮 ਬ ⠡ ஢
         뢠.  ஢  뢠,  ᯮ  
         ᠬ 砫 ⨢ , ।祭  ࠭
           ᥣ஢  ᮢ  ணࠬ,    
         㦨  ᮮ⢥騥  뢠.  ,    IBM/PC
         ᯮ짮   ⠡   ஢   ᪮쪮   .   
         ⠥,  ⠡  ࠭ ⮫쪮  ணࠬ,
         ࠧࠡ稪  IBM/PC  竨    祭  㤮  ⮬   
         ࠭  ᮢ    ⮢,    
         ணࠬ.   祭  ⥬  .  
         砥     ⮬,  ⮡  ᯮ짮  ⠡  ஢
         뢠    ⢥  㭨஢  ࠭   
         ᥣ஢ ᮢ -   ।, 筮, ᮢ
         ணࠬ, , ᫨ 室,    .    ࠧ,
             뢠,  29,  30    31    ᯮ  
         ᮮ⢥騥        ⠡  ,   ⮡
         ⮢      ࠭  ᮢ   ⠡
         . ⢥,        뢠    
         ᯮ짮: ᫨ ணࠬ  뢠  ࠬ
         29, 30  31,  ࠢ 㤥 ।     ⠡
         ,  筥 믮  ணࠬ.
                 6   ஡ ᬮਬ   ⠭,
            ⠡. ⥬  ᬮਬ   ,  
         7, 8, 9.


              3.6. 


              ⥪  -          ।⢠
         ᮢ६   ஢.         뢠ﬨ  ⥪
         ᯥ稢  䥪⨢ ࠡ ஢.
               ⠪ ⥪? ⥪ -  ,    ஬  
         ࠭  ࠡ稥  稭, ⠪    稭 
          ᬥ訢  㣨 ஬.
              ⥪ 稫 ᢮   ,   
         ᯮ    ᠭ  ࠡ. ।⠢ ᥡ ⮯
         ५, ਬ, ⠪  ᯮ    ,
             ५   室      㦨   ଥ,
         ६饩   . ᫨  㦭      ⮯
         (-᪨ stack) -  ५,  뫨  ⮯,
         ᪠ .  - ᭨ ५ ᢥ, 
         ⮯    .  ५ ᯮ  ਭ樯
         "᫥ 襫 -  襫".
                 ࠡ⮩    㯠  뢠,
         室       ⮣,        ﭨ
           砫  ࠡ⪨  뢠.  ᫨    
         뢠   㯨        ࠡ⪨  ࢮ,  
         室      ଠ.    㦨
         ண  뢠  ,     
         믮 ᢮ ᫥ । 뢠 ࠡ,  
         砥    㦨  ࢮ 뢠.  㦨
         뢠       㣨  権,    
         믮    ਭ樯  室  ᫥  ⫮
         権,   ⢥  ।⢮    
         ﭨ  㤥 ⥪.
              ࣠ ⥪  IBM/PC  ᭮    뤥  
         ⥪  ।  ⨢   ᯮ짮
         ᯥ樠쭮 ॣ ᥣ ⥪  SS, 㪠뢠饣 
         ⮩    .  設  ⥪ 㪠뢠 ᮤন
         ᯥ樠쭮 ॣ, 뢠 㪠⥫ ⥪ SP.  ⥪
         ,    ⫨稥   㦨 ⮯ ५, 
         ६頥 䨧᪨,  ⠥  .   
          設 ⥪, 㪠뢠 ᮤন ॣ SP.
                    ⥪    樥 PUSH,
          樥 POP.
                 뢠,    ⥪饩  ணࠬ,
         ࠭騩    ॣ  CS    IP, 頥  ⥪, ⥬
          楤 㦨  뢠  㦠    
         ॣ  稭 믮  楤.  祩,
         㪠뢠 ॣ஬ SP (㪠⥫ ⥪), ࠭  
         ᥩ  ।饩  ࠡ,  饩 ᢮ . 
         㪠⥫  ⥪  室  ᢮  ࠭⢮  ⥪,
         ஥       ᯮ짮   楤ன   㦨
         뢠, ᫨  ॡ ⥫쭠 ࠡ .
         ᫨            뢠,    楤
         㦨      ᥡ  ᢮      ⥪
         ᪮쪮 .
                   蠥     ।    楤,    
         ᢮.  砫    ⥪      ࠡ稥
         祭,      ⥬      窨  ਮ⠭
         ।饩 楤,  㦠  ॣ CS  IP.
             믮   ⢨ 堭 ࠡ 
         ⥪  ⮬᪨  ন   ᫥⥫쭮   
         믮.  ⥪  ᯮ    ⮫쪮  㦨
         뢠,    맮  ணࠬ 㣨.   
         맮,  ⠪      㦨  뢠 ਭ樯 :
         믮 ࠡ      ६,⠪  
              뫮    .      ࠡ  㤥
         襭,  室      믮   ன   
         浪, ⭮ ⮬  ஬ ࠡ ਮ⠭.
                맮  ணࠬ     室
         ।  ࠬ,   ᤥ   ⥪. 
         쥬 ਫ  ⮩  뢠 몮 ணࠬ
          ᪠  ணࠬ  ᥬ  ⠬    㢨,
          ⥪ ᯮ  । ࠬ஢.
              ⥪  ⮫쪮 ⢥  ࠡ ஢, 
          ⮫쪮 㤨  ⭮⥫쭮  祭 
            ஢.    ஢  360,  
         﫠 ᭮ த樥  "IBM" 稭    1960-
         ,      ॠ뢠   楯   ⥪,    ᨫ쭮
         ࠧ      ᥩ  ⮩  ਨ.   
         ᨢ        ⮬,    㪮⥫,  ᪫稢訩
         ⥪ ⥪  樨 ஢   "IBM",
           ᫥⢨ "᫠"  ଥ  .
              ᯮ짮   ⥪      ࠧ  ,  祬
         뢠 . ய 8088 ᯮ ⥪  ⮫쪮
          ࠭ ⥪ ਮ⠭ ணࠬ.  ⮩ 
         楫 ⥪ ᯮ 設⢮ ஢. ,  ,
            ८ਥ஢   ᯮᮡ   ࠡ    
            묨,  ⠪      㤥  ᭮뢠  
         ᯮ짮  ⥪.    ⥪, ਥ஢ 
         ᯮ짮 ⥪,  뫠  ࠧࠡ⠭  ମ  ""  
         ,             ᪮쪮   ࠤ쭮   
         ⫨        ⠪  ⥪ன     
         ஢,  IBM/PC,       ᠭ
         ஢  "".
                    ஡      ᯮ짮   ⥪
         ய஬  8088,   ன 室 , ᫨ 
         ॡ  ᯮ짮  ᮤন  ⥪  ஢
         ࠡ稩  ⥪.  ⥪ த  孨 ᮢ  
         .    砥,    ஥  ᮤন  ⥪ 
         訥  ᮫    ,  祬 㪠⥫ ⥪ SP.
         ,   ਬ,   ⮡      ࠬ  ணࠬ,
         饭    ⥪, ᯮ ⥫ ᬥ饭 (o
         ᠭ   3 ਫ  ⮩ ).  ᠥ ᢮
           ⥪,    ன  筮  ⮫쪮 
             祭    ⥪,       אַ 
         ,       ॡ  ⥫쭮 ᬥ饭
         ⭮⥫쭮 㪠 ⥪.


              3.7. 

               ⮬  ᮢ㯭 । 㭨 
           ᯮᮡ  ⢨  ய  8088   
         譨  ஬.    ᯥ稢  ⢥ 
         ਥ  ।   쥪⠬ ஬ .
              ᥬ ன⢠,   묨    ⢮
         ,  ⠪    ,  ᪮    ,
         뤥  ᮡ⢥   .      ।⠢   ᮡ
         ᪨    , ஬ ᢮   
           ਭ    ।      
         .     ய  8088    ।
           , ᯮ  OUT, ன  㪠뢠
             । ,騥    
         . ᪨  OUT  ਪ뢠 e⭮  
         ਭ .  IN ࠡ⠥ 筮, ⮫쪮 
         뢠  . ய 8088   ।
             ⢮,   , ⠪   
         IN  OUT 믮 ᫥.
               ᨪ ᯥ稢 אַ     ⠬.
           ᨪ INP  OUT ।⠢   ,
           設  IN  OUT. ,      ਬ,
         ਢ   ࠣ   ணࠬ     ᨪ,  ࠡ饩  
         :

              10  X=INP(97)  `⥭    ࠢ     X
              20  REM         ⭮  㤥  祭 76 - -
                                祭  
              30  OUT 97,X+3 `⠭  ࠢ  -
                              ஧ ᨣ
              40  OUT 97,X   `  ࠢ - 砭 㪠

                ᯮ짮   ⠭    뢭ﬨ.
         ਬ, ᫨       IBM/PC, 
             ।.   ⮣  
         뢠   9, 㪠뢠騩,   , 
         㦭   .  ⢥  뢠 BIOS   
         뤠    IN    . 쪮 ᫥ ⮣
         , ।騥    뫠  ,    
         .
               砥    ⢮  1024 ࠧ
         祥,  祬      ,       
         ⢨⥫쭮  .      ᠬ  ᠥ    ⮢ -
         ய  8088              
         ⨬ ஬,  , ࠡ⠥     .
                 ⮢      16   ࠧ鸞,   ⠪   
         ⥭樠쭮         64   ࠧ   ⮢.    
         ⢨⥫쭮   ᯮ  ࠧ    ஢  ,
         ᫥⥫쭮,      ࠭祭      
         ७.
                 ᪮쪮   ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮  ⮢  
         IBM/PC.  ᯮᮡ -  ᯮ짮      
           .  ਬ,    ,  㪠뢠騥  
           뫠  ,  室  १    ;   ,
         뤠  ன⢮ , 室 १ 㣮 .
                  ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮  ⮢  砥  
         ।  १    ࠢ饩  ଠ樨      譨
         ன      祭      ன  ଠ樨  
         ﭨ.  ਬ,  樠     ஬
         ᯫ  믮  १    952.     祭
         ⮢ 砥  뢠    ४⥫  
         ⥬ , 㪠뢠 䨣 ⥬.
                    ਬ
         ⮢.     ஡  ࣠樨  
         ।,  ᠭ   2,   ⮢ 
          ।⠢      ⥫,      ਢ  
             .
               96 (⭠筮 60) ᯮ  ।
            ଠ  浪  ஢,    .  
         ᠭ     10  ᬮਬ ଠ ஢
           ᯮ짮  ஡.
                97 (61(16)) ᯮ  ࠢ ஥
         ,  ⠪ ⥫ ⭮ 堭.   ⠪
             ⠩,   ஡ 
         ᬮਬ   11.
                  64    67  (40(16)-43(16))  ᯮ  
         ࠢ   ணࠬ㥬   ⠩஬,   ᯮ㥬   
         , ⠪  䥩ᮬ ⭮  ⥫.    ⮬,
          ᯮ   , 㤥 ᪠   11.
              ஬       ᯫ      ᯮ      ᪮쪮
         ᫥⥫ ⮢,  稭      944(30(16)),  
         梥⭮  ᪨  -  ᫥⥫쭮,  稭  
           976(3D0(16)).  ஫     ᪮   ᯮ
         ᫥⥫쭮  ⮢,  稭   1008(3F0(16)), 
         ᮡ⢥ , 뢠  ᪥  뢠  
         , । १  1013(3F5(16)).
                  ணࠬ  3.1  ᫥ 䨣樨
         ,   ⨭   3.2      3.3   뢠    ணࠬ,
         ꥤ  㫨,  ᠭ  ᪠   ᥬ,
          뢠    ᮮ頥  ⮬,      
           ⭮  ⨢.  ⮢      ⮩
         ணࠬ   ᪥, ਫ饩  ⮩  .  
         ⫨稥    ணࠬ  ᫥    ணࠬ 
          筮 ࠪ筮  १,  ,    
          쭮 ᭮.
              ᪮  ᨪ  ᯥ稢      ⠬,  
         ணࠬ  뫮     ᨪ,    ⮣  
         ⥫    뫮        祣  .   ⮣
         ਢ  ਬ    㦨  訬     
         ணࠬ஢       ᥬ,   ᪠      ਬ஬
         ꥤ ணࠬ, ᠭ  ࠧ 몠.

              ਫ   3.1.      ணࠬ   ᪠
         ⨢ ⪠  (ᨪ).

              1000 REM
              1010 REM
              1020 REM
              1030 GOSUB 2000 ' TITLE
              1040 GOSUB 3000 ' SEARCH AND DISPLAY
              1050 GOSUB 4000 ' RETURN TO DOS
              2000 REM
              2010 KEY OFF : CLS : WIDTH 80
              2020 REM
              2030 PRINT "
              2040 PRINT "
              2050 PRINT
              2060 PRINT "
              2070 PRINT
              2080 PRINT "
              2090 PRINT "
              2100 PRINT
              2999 RETURN
              3000 REM
              3010 TRUE.% = -1
              3020 FALSE.% = 0
              3030 IN.MEMORY.% = FALSE.%
              3040 FOR PARAGRAPH.! = 0 TO 65535! STEP  64  '
         CHECK EACH 1K OF MEMORY
              3050 GOSUB 5000 ' CHECK FOR ACTIVE MEMORY
              3060      IF     (IN.MEMORY.%=FALSE.%)     AND
         (MEMORY.HERE.%=TRUE.%) THEN GOSUB 6000
              3070     IF      (IN.MEMORY.%=TRUE.%)      AND
         (MEMORY.HERE.%=FALSE.%) THEN GOSUB 7000
              3080 IN.MEMORY.% = FALSE.%
              3090 IF MEMORY.HERE.% THEN IN.MEMORY.HERE.% =TRUE.%
              3100 NEXT PARAGRAPH.!
              3110 IF IN.MEMORY.% THEN PARAGRAPH.! = 65536 : GOSUB 7000
              3999 RETURN
              4000 REM
              4010 PRINT
              4020 PRINT "Finished."
              4999 SYSTEM
              5000 REM
              5010 DEF SEG = PARAGRAPH.!
              5020 BYTE0.% = PEEK (0)
              5030 BYTE1.% = PEEK (1)
              5040 BYTE2.% = PEEK (2)
              5050 BYTE3.% = PEEK (3)
              5060 CHECK.COUNT.% = 0
              5070 IF BYTE0.% = 233 THEN CHECK.COUNT.% = CHECK.COUNT.% + 1
              5080 IF BYTE1.% = 233 THEN CHECK.COUNT.% = CHECK.COUNT.% + 1
              5090 IF BYTE2.% = 233 THEN CHECK.COUNT.% = CHECK.COUNT.% + 1
              5100 IF BYTE3.% = 233 THEN CHECK.COUNT.% = CHECK.COUNT.% + 1
              5110 MEMORY.HERE.% = FALSE.%
              5120 IF CHECK.COUNT.% <= 3 THEN MEMORY.HERE.% = TRUE.%
              5999 RETURN
              6000 REM
              6010 IN.MEMORY.% = TRUE.%
              6020 START.! = PARAGRAPH.!
              6999 RETURN
              7000 REM
              7010 SIZE.! = (PARAGRAPH.!-START.!) * 16
              7020 IF SIZE.! < 8 * 1024 THEN 7999 '
                   SUPPRESS SMALL-BLOCK FALSE REPORTS
              7030 PRINT "Active memory begins at ",
              7040 PRINT HEX$(START.!)
              7050 PRINT "                ends at ",
              7060 PRINT HEX$(PARAGRAPH.!-1);
              7070 PRINT SIZE.! / 1024;"K-bytes"; ("SIZE.!;"bytes )"
              7080 IN.MEMORY.% = FALSE.%
              7090 PRINT
              7999 RETURN
              9999 REM

              ਫ 3.2.  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨
         뢠 (ᥬ).

         beepseg segment 'code'
              assume  cs:beepseg
         beep    proc   far
                 cli
                 mov   bx,3000
                 in    al,61h
                 push  ax
         more:   and   al,0fch
                 out   61h,al
                 mov   cx,50
         11:     loop  11
                 or    al,2
                 out   61h,al
                 mov   cx,50
         12:     loop  12
                 dec   bx
                 jnz   more
                 pop   ax
                 out   61h,al
                 sti
                 int   20h
         beep    endp
         beepseg  ends
         end

              ਫ 3.3.  ணࠬ ᪠ ⨢
         ⮢ (᪠).

         program porttest (output);
         function inport (x : word) : byte;
           external;
         var
           count : word;
           b     : byte;
           w     : word;
           c     : array [wrd(0)..255] of word;
           headc : word;
         procedure header1;
          var [static]
            i : integer;
          begin
            writeln;
            for i := 1 to 8 do
              write (' Port Val');
            writeln;
          end;
         procedure header2;
          var [static]
            i : integer;
          begin
            writeln;
            for i := 1 to 8 do
              write (' Val Count');
            writeln;
          end;
         procedure initialise;
           begin
             count := 0;
             headc := 0;
             for b := 0 to 255 do
               c[b] := 0;
             for w := 1 to 25 do
               writeln;
             writeln('Program for INSIDE THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER');
             writeln('(C) Copyright Peter Norton, 1983');
             writeln('Listing 3.3: PORTTEST - read all ports');
             writeln;
             writeln('The following may be active ports:');
             header1;
           end;
         procedure scan_all_ports;
           begin
             for w:=0 to maxword do
               begin
                 b:=inport(w);
                 c[b]:=c[b]+1;
                 if not(b in [wrd(0),78,110,188,202,203,207,254,255])
                 then
                   begin
                     write(w:6,b:4);
                     count:=count+1;
                     headc:=headc+1;
                     if headc>159 then
                       begin
                         headc:=0;
                         header1;
                       end;
                   end;
               end;
             header1;
           end;
         procedure finish_up;
           begin
             writeln;
             writeln('Here is a profile of the values returned for ',
                      all of the possible ports:');
             header2;
             for b:=0 to 255 do
               write(b:4,c[b]:6);
             header2;
             writeln(count,' ports may possibly be active');
             writeln;
             writeln('Finished.')
           end;
           begin
             initialize;
             scan_all_ports;
             finish_up
           end.

              ਫ 3.4.  ணࠬ 뢠 
           (ᥬ).

         inport_code segment 'code'
         public  inport
         inport  proc  far
                 push  bp
                 mov   bp,sp
                 mov   dx,[bp+6]
                 in    al,dx
                 pop   bp
                 ret   2
                db    '(C) Copyright Peter Norton, 1983'
         inport  endp
         inport_code ends
               end

              . 3.1.  :
         1-    16-ࠧ來    ॣ   ;   2-16   (4
         ⭠ ) 4    ⭠  ;
         3-ᤢ   ॣ   ᥣ;   4-ꥤ   ॣ
         ᥣ               ᥣ;      5-⥫
         ⭠ ; 6-१ - 20-ࠧ來 

              .3.2.     ,      ⥪:  1-ॣ
         ᥣ;  2-㪠뢠  64  ;  2-  ॡ; 3-16
           ;  4-32  ; 5-8 ⥪; 6- 뤥塞 
                ⠭ 祭 ᮮ⢥
         ॣ஢;  7-ॣ  ᯥ稢   讬 쥬
         , 祬 室; 8-⮪

              . 3.3. । :
         1-⭠ ; 2-, ࠧ饭   ⥬
         ;  3-,ࠧ頥      ७;  4-।
         筮   256; 5-᢮  ;  6-१ࢨ஢
            ᯫ;   7-஬   ᯫ;   8-᢮   
         ᯮ짮  ᯫﬨ;  9-梥⭮   ᪨   ᯫ;
         10-    ᯫ    ;   11-   
          ; 12-ᨪ-; 13-BIOS-; 14- ;
         15-孨 