


               .










    - 


             IBM PC






       (Inside the IBM PC. Access to advanced features and programming)


                     Prentice-Hall Publishing Comp.,1983










                           ॢ  ᪮

                             .ॢ,.
















                                    1987








                   ।᫮ ॢ稪.



                 ।   ⥫      ନ஢  
         ।஢         ⥪⮢   ।
         LEXICON  (ࠧࠡ稪   , .ᥫ) 㤭 
         "⥬孨" (.) .  殢  ..,    ..,
         䮫  ..  ਫ 㭪 믮 .殢
         ..   ⥬ Grafix Partner.
                ॢ    ᥬ         
         প  .
                쭥襬  ॢ  㤥    
         ⮬ ਠ  (    ਣ),  ࠦ
         ᮡ  ᨩ 樮 ⥬  .

              . 221-27-94

              ४஢   ASCII (᭮ ਠ), ଠ-
           ࠧ⪠  ᯥ⪨    ।  -
         (WordStar)   " 9.66"  "-1030"  믮
         ..㤥 ( ...஫).

              . 483-99-80, 483-97-79


                                 



               1.       . . . .

              1.1. ⪨  ᮤঠ  . . . . . . . . . . . .
              1.2. ᯮ⥫ 騥 ।⢠ . . . . . . . . . .
              1.3  ᯮ㥬     ணࠬ     ।⢠,    모
         ணࠬ஢  ⥪ ணࠬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              1.4.  ᯥ ᬮ७ ஡  . . . . . . .
              1.5.    ਣ   筨,  ᯮ㥬  
          ࠡ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              1.6.  ᮡ  ਠ  . . . . . .

              ਫ  1.1.    ணࠬ   㠫樨   
         ᨬ  ࠭ ᯫ ( ᨪ) . . . . . . . . . . . .

               2.     . . . . . . . . .

              2.1. ய  -  業ࠫ  㧥  ᮭ쭮
          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              2.2. ⪨    ᢥ       ⠫   
          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              2.3. 㭪樮 祭  ⮢ . . . . . .
              2.4. ᯮ짮 ࠧꥬ ७  . . . . . . . . . .
              2.5. ⥫ ᢥ  孨᪨ ।⢠  . . .
              2.6.  ᯥ ᬮ७ ⥪ 襭 . . . .
              2.7.  樨 IBM/PC  . . . . . . . . . . .

               3.   IBM/PC . . . . . . . . .

              3.1. ࣠  ᮭ쭮   . . . . .
              3.2. ਭ樯 樨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              3.3. 宯⨢   ॣ . . . . . . . . .
              3.5. 뢠 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              3.6. ⥪  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              3.7.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

              ਫ 3.1.  ணࠬ ᪠ ⨢ ⪠
          ( ᨪ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 3.2.    ணࠬ  ࠡ⪨  뢠
         (ᥬ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 3.3.   ணࠬ  ᪠ ⨢ ⮢
         (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 3.4.   ணࠬ  뢠    
          (ᥬ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

               4.      . .

              4.1.  祣 㦭 樮 ⥬  . . . . . . . . .
              4.2.  ᭮ 㫥  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              4.3.   ஢  ணࠬ  প  -  ⥬
         BIOS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              4.4. 楤 砫쭮 㧪 -    . .
              4.5. 樨  ਩  ன⢮  -  
         IBMBIO.COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              4.6.  樮 ⥬ -  IBMDOS.COM  . .
              4.7. "७"      ()  樮
         ⥬  -   COMMAND.COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              4.8. "譨"       樮    ⥬    -
         ᮡ 믮  㧪  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              4.9. 㭪樨  㦨  짮⥫  樮
         ⥬  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


               5.    . . . . . . . . . . . .

              5.1. ன⢮  ⭮ ᪠ (᪥)  . . . .
              5.2. ଠ ࠭ ଠ樨  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.3.  ᪥  ஡   ஢ . . . . .
              5.4. ⠭   ⥫   ଠ樨      
          ᪠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.5. ਭ樯 ࠭ 䠩 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.6. ࣠ ࠢ筨 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.7.  ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩  . . . . . . . . .
              5.8. ⥣ ࠧ饭 䠩  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.5.   ⥪⮢ ଠ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.10. ଠ ᥩ   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              5.11. ଠ ணࠬ (ᯮ塞) 䠩  . . . . . .

              ਫ 5.1.    ணࠬ       
         ࠢ筨 (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 5.2.    ணࠬ       
         ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 5.3.  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ ࠢ筨 
         ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

               6.      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

              6.1. ࣠    ᯮ짮  . . . . . . . . .
              6.2.  ᮤন  ।⢠ ணࠬ DEBUG  . .
              6.3.  ᮤন  - ⮤ ᥬ஢  . .
              6.4.     ᮤন         -    ४
         ⥯ 몠 ᨪ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              6.5. 騥 ᨨ BIOSa  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              6.6. 堭 롮ન ଠ樨   . . . . . . . . . .
              6.7. ᠭ ᯥ樠 뢠  . . . . . . . . . . .

              ਫ 6.1.    ணࠬ  ஢ન ⪨ ᨨ
          (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


               7.    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

              7.1.  ஢ ᪮ 権 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              7.2.  ।⢠  প   ᪮   権   ஢
         BIOS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              7.3. ࠬ ᪮  ⮤   ஢  . . .


               8.  -    . . . . . . . . . .

              8.1.  ஢  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.2. ਭ樯 ⮡ࠦ ଠ樨  . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.3. ⮤   ࠭    ࠦ   ⨢
          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.4. ࠭ 堭 梥⭮ ᪮ ᯫ  . .
              8.5. ਡ ࠦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.6. ᯮ짮 梥  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.7.  אַ ࠢ ஬  . . . . . . .
              8.8. ࠢ ६饭   . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.9. ⠭ ० ࠢ ஬  . . . . .
              8.10. ᥢ᪨ ० . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              8.11. ।⢠ ࠢ 㯠 ஢ BIOS-  . .

              ਫ 8.1.       ணࠬ        樨
         ⥩ ࠢ 梥⮬ (ᨪ)  . . . . . . . . . . . .
              ਫ 8.2.    ணࠬ  樨 ࠦ
         (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


               9.  -    . . . . . . . . .

              9.1. ᭮ 設 䨪  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              9.2. ⨥  ⮡ࠦ (ᥫ) . . . . . . . .
              9.3. ⮡ࠦ ᥫ  ࠭ . . . . . . . . . . . .
              9.5.  ⥪⮢  ᪮ ० . . . . . . . .

              ਫ 9.1.    ணࠬ  樨 ᪨
         ࠧ (᪠)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

               10.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

              10.1. ਭ樯 ஥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              10.2. 堭 ᬥ ७  . . . . . . . . . . .
              10.3.  ࠢ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              10.4. ணࠬ   প  権     ன
         ஢ BIOS-  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              10.5.   ன  ࠬ 몮 ஢. .

              ਫ 10.1.       ணࠬ       樨
         ⥩ ࠢ ன (ᨪ) . . . . . . . . . .

               11.    . . . . . . . . . . .

              11.1. ᨭ஭ 㭨樮   . . . . . . . .
              11.2.  ன⢠  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              11.3. 䥩  ⥫  ଠ樨    ⭮
           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              11.4. ⥫    楤   㦨  ஢
         BIOS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
              11.5.  㪠 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

              ਫ 11.1.    ணࠬ   樨  㪠  
         ᯮ짮 ⠩ (ᥬ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

               1.     


              , । ⥫, ᪠뢠  㤥 - 
          㤥,   ⢮ ᮭ 
          "IBM" (IBM/PC).
                  ᮭ쭮          "IBM"
          ᮡ 䠪᪮    祭 ᮪-
            ⠭  ⢠    ந⥫쭮  ᮭ
         ஢.  ,    㦥           
         ᮭ  ஢,  㢨   IBM/PC  ।⢮,
         ॢ室饥    ⢮   .  ,  
         ⠫ ᮭ    祬 誠, 砫
         ᮧ  ⢨⥫  業      ஢   
         ⢥   襣  ࠡ祣  㬥    
         祭.
                  ⫨砥    設⢠  ,
         ⥫    ࠬ.    ⠭      ⥩,
                 ⠭      ᢥ   
         稭,         㧭  ⢨⥫  
         ᮭ쭮   "IBM".
                 IBM/PC      ॠ   ⢮
         ᭥ ⥩,      㤥  ᪠  
           .    ᮢ ᥬ,  ⢨⥫쭮
           ࠡ⠥  IBM/PC            
         ,  ᨬ    ⮣,    ⥫ 
         ᨮ  稭騬 짮⥫ ஢.
                    ⮫쪮      㭪樮
         IBM/PC,               ᯮ짮  
         ࠪ⨪.   ।  ⥫      㡮
         ਠ   IBM/PC  ,    㦤.  
            ⮫쪮 ਭ樯 㭪樮஢ 設,    
            ⥭樠   .    ᮤন  ⢮
         ᮢ⮢        ࠪ᪨     ४権,     
         ணࠬ஢   IBM/PC.   ᫥   
         㪮⢮  ணࠬ஢  IBM/PC,   ᭮  
         饭  ᠬ .

              1.1. ⪨  ᮤঠ 

                      ᭮  饭  ணࠬ    (
         ணࠬ ᯥ祭),  ᪮      ॠ
         設⢮   ⥩   .        ⮣
         室 ᬮ     ।⢠    -
         ⮬ 饭  2.
                        3    ᬠਢ    㭪樮஢
         業⠫쭮 㧫  - ᮡ⢥ ய.
              樮 ⥬  -DOS  ⪮ 뢠  
         4.   ⮩  ਢ ᭥ ਭ樯 ࠡ   
         ⢥  ⥫쭮   ਠ   ᠭ   ணࠬ
         ।⢠, ᯥ稢騥   ࠧ  .
              ,      5, ᬠਢ ࣠ 譥
           ᯮᮡ ࠭      ᪠.
         ਬ  ணࠬ  뢠  ᯮᮡ  ஢ 㦥
         ଠ樨  ࣠樨 ࠭   ᪥, 
         筮   짮⥫.
                6  饭  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭,  ஥
         ࠭   (ﭭ 饬 ன⢥) IBM/PC. 
         ⮩     짮 ⨬ ணࠬ.
          ਠ ⠢   祭    7  
         11,  , 蠣  蠣, 뢠 㦥 ணࠬ,
         ࠭騥  .     ᮯ஢ ਬ஬
         ணࠬ,    ᯮ짮     
         .
                7  뢠       楤ࠬ   ࠡ   
         ᪥⠬.      8    9  뢠  ࠡ    ᯫ,
         ᮮ⢥⢥  䠢⭮-஢  ᪮ ०.
               10 饭 ᯮ짮 ,    11
          ⮣ ᬮ७ ᥣ ।饣 ਠ.
              ਫ   ⮩        ⪨  ਩
         ୮ ନ,      ᪠    ᠭ
         䥩    ணࠬ,  ᠭ묨  ᥬ, 
         ணࠬ  ᪠  㣮 몥 ᮪ ஢.

              1.2. ᯮ⥫ 騥 ।⢠

              ᫨    㧭   IBM/PC,   
           ॡ  祣,  ஬  ⮩  .  ,  ⮡
         ਬ  祭        ࠪ⨪   ⮣   㤥
         筮, ॡ,  , ᠬ .
              ⮡  ᯮ짮  ணࠬ, ਢ묨  ⮩
         , ॡ  IBM/PC    64  ⠬      
         ᪮.    ணࠬ   ࠡ   ஬
         ᯫ, ⠪   梥 ᪨ ஬.  ॡ
         ⠪  樮  ⥬    ⠢塞   
         ।⢠, ⠪  ணࠬ  DEBUG.    ᯮ짮
           ᨥ  :  室  ᨥ 1.00, 樠쭮 
         ६ ᨥ 1.05, ᮢ襭⢮ ᨥ 1.10  
          2.00.
              ⮡        ᯮ짮  ,
         ।⠢塞 IBM/PC,  ॡ ⥫  
         ணࠬ        ᪠,  ਫ   ⮩
         . ।⢠ 㯠    ᥬ    IBM/PC  뫨
         ࠧࠡ⠭  ᯥ樠쭮    ⮩  .  ন 
         뢠  ਫ 5.
                㦭  㤥  ᯮ짮  ஠ᥬ  
         "IBM"    ᯮ짮  ।⠢      楤
         㯠, ᠭ  ᥬ.   ணࠬ 祭
             ணࠬ     ⮢  ᯮ짮 쥪
         㫥.  ,  ᫨          
         ᥬ ணࠬ, ⮡ ஢   ᢮ 㦤,
          ॡ  ᥬ,  室  㤥  ᢮
           ᥬ.      ࠧ ⮩  ।⠢
         ᮡ ⮥   ᯮ짮 ᥬ.
              ⮡ ᯮ짮  ਢ      ணࠬ  
         몥  ᪠    ᠬ    ᥡ,      ⠢ 
         ᮡ⢥  ணࠬ,    ॡ      몠
         ᪠  IBM/PC.
              ,  ,      ॡ  "ࢨ
         ணࠬ  ⮭"  (The  Norton  Utilities).     砥
         ணࠬ   ⠭   ०  ᪥  (FileFix),
         㭨⮦  䠩  (UnErase),  䨪樨   ᥪ஢   
         ᪥  (SecMod)    ࠢ 묨 䠩 (FileHide 
         BatHide);  ८࣠  ஢   䠩   (DiskOpt   
         FileSort)    ࠢ  ࠭ ० (Reverse, ScrAtr 
         Clear),  ⠪ ᪮쪮 㣨  㦥 ணࠬ.

              1.3.   ᯮ㥬    ணࠬ    ।⢠,    모
         ணࠬ஢  ⥪ ணࠬ

               ⮩  㤥 ਢ  ⢮  ணࠬ    
         ࠧ    㯨    ᬮ७  ࢮ    , ⥪
         ன ਢ  ਫ 1-1.  ணࠬ ᠭ  
         몥      뤠    ࠭    256  ᨬ,
         ⮡ࠦ ᯫ IBM/PC.  짮⥫,   
         㤨⥫쭮,    ᥣ  ᨬ, ⠪ 
           ।⠢      .  ᬮ  ࠧ   
           ᨬ     롮  
         ᫠  ⠪  ᨬ,      ᯮ짮   
         ࣠樨   ᯥ樠   䥪⮢.   ணࠬ  ⮡ࠦ
         ᨬ   ⠡  16 ᨬ      .  ᫨
         室  ⠭  浪     ᨬ, 
          ᯮ짮 㭪  CHR$  몠  .    ࢠ
         ப  ᮤন  ᨬ    CHR$(0)   CHR$(15),  
         CHR$(16)-CHR$(81).    ⭠          ᨬ
         ।  ⪠ ப  ⮫殢.
                 ਬ   ணࠬ,   ਢ     ⮩  ,
         ᯮ  몠 ணࠬ஢:  ,  ᪠  
           ᥬ.   몠    
         ਠ IBM/PC, ⮬  ᯮ   ,
             楫ᮮࠧ  ᯮ짮.     
         ᫨誮   ᯮᮡ    襭  쥧  ,
         ⮬,  ᭮ ᯮ  ᪠.
              ᪠    ਮ५       ୮      
         ᮭ  ஢      ᢮   ,
         ⭮   .  ᪠   祭 ᨫ
         ७ -   । 모    .  ,  
           ᪠        २⢠. -, 
             , 祬 모       -,
            , ଠ "IBM" ⠢ ᪠  ᢮
         ᮭ ஢  ᠬ 砫.     ᪮  
         室 - 騩  饭,   ணࠬ
          ⮩  ᠭ  ᪠.
              ᫨     몮  ᪠,    砨,
          ⮩ ᯮᮡ     砥
          ⥭ ਬ஢, ਢ  .   뫨  ᯥ樠쭮
         ᠭ   㯭  ࠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡
         ⥯    ⥫.  ஬  ⮣,   ਫ   2
         ᮤন    ⪮    㪮⢮            ᪠,
         饥       ⨫  ணࠬ஢,
         饥    몠.
                ⥫쭮 ४  ᪠ ᥬ,   
         ࠫ,   몥 ணࠬ஢  IBM/PC.
              ᫨  ᮡࠥ ᯮ짮 㣮 ,  ਬ
         ணࠬ    ᪠,  ਢ    ⮩ ,  ࠢ
           .    뢠  ਥ  ࠡ    IBM/PC,
           ७   㣨 모 ணࠬ஢.
                         ⥩
         IBM/PC    ⢮  ⮫쪮        ணࠬ,
         ᠭ    몥  ᥬ.  ⮩   ᬮਬ
                 ᯮᮡ    ᯮ짮.   ⮡
         ᯥ           
         ᯮ짮      ਢ        ணࠬ,
         ᠭ  몥 ᥬ,  ।⠢  
          ᥬ  IBM/PC  樮 ⥬ .
               ਫ 3 뢠 ᯮᮡ 祭  㫥,
         ᠭ      몥   ᥬ.   ॡ  ᠭ
         ⭮   ᪠,   ࠪ᪨  ⮬    
           ਬ    ணࠬ஢, 
         ᯮ ⠭ 堭 맮 ணࠬ.
              樠쭮  ⮩  뫮 ᠭ 讥  ᫮
         ணࠬ.  -     ⨢ 祭 - ⮡
         த஢  ਥ ࠡ. 㣨  ணࠬ
         ।祭        祭  ଠ樨   襬
         .  㯯  ⠢  ணࠬ  ।⢠,
         ᯥ稢騥        ⥩,
         ।⠢塞 IBM/PC.   ⨭  ணࠬ
         뫨 祭    ,    ।,  ⭮
          ⥬ ணࠬ,   ⥫   .
         ,       ᯮ⥫  ணࠬ    
         ,    ।⢥  ᯮ짮,     ᮤন
         ⥪  ⮫쪮    ணࠬ,   ,  
         ⠫ ணࠬ 祭  ᯥ樠 ,  ᠭ
          ᪥, ਫ饩   .
                  ᮤন    ணࠬ,  ⨭ 
         ਢ    ,      㣨    ணࠬ.
         ন  뢠  ਫ 5.
              ணࠬ,  ᠭ   몥 ᥬ, ᠭ 
         ᪥    室 ⥪, ⠪     ⮢  
         ᯮ짮  쥪  㫥.  ᫨    
           ணࠬ  -  ,        ਣ
         室  ⥪.    ᯮ짮  ⮢ ணࠬ  
         㦭   ᥬ  ᯮ짮  ᥬ.
         ணࠬ    ᪠  ⠪ ।⠢    室
         ⥪,    ⮢, ᪮஢  㫥,  
         ⮢  ᯮ짮.
                    ணࠬ   祭      ᯮ⥫쭠
         ணࠬ, DiskLook.   ணࠬ    ᬠਢ
           ଠ,  ࠭      ᪠. 
          뢥 祭 䠩, 㯮冷祭  , ⠬
           ࠧࠬ       䠩,  뫨 㤠.
         ணࠬ  DiskLook      ᬮ   ।
         ᪮  ࠭⢠, 뢠 ᯮ  䠩
            뢠      ᪥.

             1.4.  ᥪ騥 

                  ,   IBM/PC ਢ  
             ᥪ ⥩ ᮢ. ⮡
          ⠫ 祢,    ன  ।  ६,  
         ⥫        裡   .
               ᮭ쭮   "IBM" 뫮, 
          ࠭  ,    ࢮ  IBM/PC-
         ;   ࢮ,       ⢥.  ஬  ⮣,
          樮 ⥬    "",  MS-DOS;
          ⮩ 樮 ⥬  IBM/PC 稫 
         PC-DOS,      IBM-DOS   .
                   ᮢ. -, 
             ᠬ    IBM/PC.  ,   
         ࠬ  襩  襩 ⥯ 騬  IBM/PC
         , ,    ᥬ ஢, ᯮ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
               ⨬ ﬨ  饣, ⠪   ,
         饭     ⥩, ᮤন  ਠ 
          ⠫.   饭 ࢮ稭  
           ⥩    -  ᮭ쭮    
         "IBM",       ⮣    祬    ,  
         ਣ      ⥬,        IBM/PC-묨
         ࠬ  ⥬,   ᥬ⢮  ஢,
         ࠡ  ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
              ६    ६,    ਠ ⮩ ,
           ஢ ⠪ ࠧ,   㪠뢠,  
         ⭮,    ⭮  ⠫  .

             1.5. 筨 ଠ樨

                ⠪       ᮫⭮  ᯥ 
         ஡ ࠡ  IBM/PC.    ਢ  ᯨ᮪  
              筨 ଠ樨, 묨  
         ᯮ짮, ᫨ ॡ  ஡ ᢥ.
              ࠪ᪨   ᢥ,  ਢ      ,
         祭      筨.    ⫨稥   㣨
         ᮭ ஢ IBM/PC ᮯ஢  祭  ப
         㣮      筨   ଠ樨.     ந諮
          樨  "IBM", 饩  ⮬, ⮡  設
         뫠        㯭  ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ
         ᯥ祭   ७.  ⢥    ⮩
         ,        㯠  - ᮡ ᥪ⠬,
          뫨  㯭 ⥫.  ॡ  ⮫쪮
         ࠡ   饤㯭   ଠ,       
          ⢥  뤥  ଠ,  ।⠢
            ப 㣠 ⥫.
              ᫨   ॡ  ஡ ଠ, 祬 
          ᮤন   ⮩  ,        
         ᫥騬  筨:   筨 ଠ樨 -
           ᮡ⢥  ᪮  㪮⢮     ᮭ쭮
               "IBM",   ᮤঠ饥    孨᪨
         ஡⥩, ⠫쭮 ᠭ ROM-BIOS, .., ࠭饩 
            ⥬ -뢮.  ணࠬ ᯥ稢
          㭪樮 ணࠬ ।⢠    ࠢ
         IBM/PC.  ਢ ⨭ BIOS  몥 ᥬ,  ஬
          ࠧ ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨    
           ᥬ  ய  8086  "⥫".  
         , ⨭ ⥬ BIOS ।⠢ ᮡ 騩 
         ଠ樨  㦥 ணࠬ, 㯭 짮⥫.
           ᫨        몮   ᥬ,   ᠭ
         㦥  ணࠬ    ᯮᮡ   ࣠樨  
           ࣠  ⮣  .  (ਢ   ⮫쪮
         ⨭   ⥬   BIOS,      ⨭  ᠭ    
          몠 ᨪ (RO-BASIC)   ਢ,  
                     DEBUG 樮
         ⥬, ࠢ  ਥ.)
              ஬ ⮣,  㪮⢥ ਢ    祭  㤮
         ⠡,  ᮤ騥    256    ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬
         IBM/PC  㭪樨 ᯥ樠 ᨬ-ਡ⮢,  ࠢ
         梥⮬ ⥪, ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ IBM/PC.
                 筨 ଠ樨  㦨
         㪮⢮, ⠢塞   樮 ⥬ DOC.
           ਫ    ⮬  㪮      
         ଠ    ଠ  ᪥,  ᮣ襭    㦥
         楤 ,  ࠢ 䠩, ⠢ ᥣ⮢
         ணࠬ  ⠪  .    㪮⢮      ᪮쪮
         ,   祬   設⢮      筨  ଠ樨,
         ᪮   ᮤন ஡ 孨᪮ ଠ樨  
         .  㪮⢮  ᮤন  祭    ᯮ⥫
         ଠ   ४樨.
              ⮡   㭪樮஢ ப,  
         ᭮  ண  㭪樮  IBM/PC,     
         ᪮쪨       யࠬ   8086/8088   
         "⥫".   ᮡ   묨        .
            㯭    ਭ樯    ࣠樨        ࠡ
         ய  8086  ।⠢      "The 8086/8088
         Primer", ᠭ 䠭 . ৮  (Hayden,1980).  
         㡮  ய  뢠   "The 8086 Book",
         ᥫ  (Osborne/McGrawHill,1980).
               ⢥  ࠢ筨    ணࠬ஢    몥
         ᪠    ᯮ짮  ⠭  㪮⢮ 
          몠 ᪠  IBM/PC.   ᫨誮  㤠筮
            ᪠,  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 㪮⢥ 뢠
         ᮡ ⭮ ᨨ 몠 ᪠  IBM/PC. ⮡
                        ᪠ 
         稭, 묨 ९  . ᫨  
             襩    ⮢,   筮   
         㪮⢮         몠   ᪠   .
         ࠪ᪨   孨᪨ ⠫, 騥 ᯮ짮
         ᨨ 몠 ᪠  IBM/PC  ஡  ᠭ,  
          ਬࠬ.   ,  ⮣ 㪮⢠
         த      ࠡ,   稢        室
         ४樨     砥,     ⠫쭮
         ᭨.  (    ᬮ  㧭     몥   ᪠,
         ⥫쭮  稢  ਬ,  ਢ    ⮩  , 
         ⠢ 㪮⢮   ᪠  ਫ 2).
                    砥    몮  ᪠,  ४樨  
         ணࠬ஢    ᥬ    㪮⢥ 
         ᥬ    IBM/PC.  ,    ⮬  㪮⢥  
              設  .    뢠    
         㯮             ய   8086.
         㪮⢮    ᥬ   IBM/PC 祭  '
             ணࠬ஢      ࠪ᪨      ᮤন
         室   ᯮ⥫쭮   ଠ樨,         
            짮   ᥬ஬.   (ਫ   3  
         饩      뢠  ⮤  '  ணࠬ,
         ᠭ    몠  ᪠  ᥬ,  ⠪ ᮤন
             ᮢ⮢,       祭
         몠 ᥬ.)

              1.6.᪮쪮 砭  ᯮᮡ  ਠ

               ⮩   ࠫ '      ,
         ᭥      ⨢稩. ᫨  
          ନ, ﭨ   ⪨  ਩  ନ,
         ਢ  ਫ 1.
               ਢ  砭.  ᯮᮡ 
         ਠ,   ᯮ짮      ⮩   .   砫   
         ।⠢ ᥫ.
              ᫠  ᥣ    뢠  묨 묨
         ࠬ,    砥   ⢥.   ,
                  室,        ⠪    ਢ
         ⭠       ᫠,       砥      ᫮
         "⭠筮".     ⭠    ᫠    㤮
         ᯮ짮      ࠡ     ஬,  ᪮  
         ।⠢ ᮡ 㤮 ᮪饭   ᥫ.
           ⫨稥  筮 ⥬, ᯮ饩  , 
         ⭠筮 ⥬  ⭠, 砥  0
           9,    ᫥    (  祭  10), , , D, E, 
         ,  F  (  祭 ⭠).  ⮩  11 
         (⭠筮    );      ᨬ   뫠
         ᠭ  1776  (⭠筮 6F0).
                  㤨    ᥫ      筮  
         ⭠筮 ,   ⮬,     ᪠,  
         ᨪ,         ᥬ        ॡ    ᯮ짮
         ⭠ ᥫ  ணࠬ஢.     
         稭.    ⮨  ⮬,   ᫠, ਬ,
          祥  ,      ᫠  ।⠢  
         ⭠筮   .   㣠   易      ⥬,   
         ᯮ⥫쭠  ணࠬ     DEBUG   ᯮ   ⮫쪮
         ⭠    ।⠢.  ,  ,  
           IBM/PC,   ⭮  孨᪮  㪮⢮,
         ப  ᯮ  ⭠  , 祬  
         ᯥ樠  ப.  ⮡       ᮯ⠢
         ଠ樨 ⮩   㣨 筨, ᫠ ਢ
           筮, ⠪   ⭠筮 .
                   ୮  ࣮,  易  
            ᥫ,   -      ᯮ짮   㪢  "".  ""
         ᮮ⢥  1024, ⠪  64 㤥 ᮮ⢮ 64
         ࠧ    1024    65536.  ନ  "" ப ᯮ,
         ᪮   ⪨  祭  ᫠,  ਬ୮
         ࠢ   - ⠪   ,  64 ਬ୮
         ᮮ⢥ ⨤ ६ 砬.  筮 ⥬
         祭   1024 ।⠢ 㣫 ᫮ -   
         ⮩ ⥯.
                 室    ᨬ  
         , 祭  室    0  255. 
           ᯮ ᯮᮡ  ,  ਭ    몥
         ᨪ,  ਬ,  CHR$(65), ᮮ⢥騩  㪢
         "".  몥 ᪠      chr(65).
              ᬮਬ  ⥯  .  祭       
         ⠭         饭     ⤥  ⠬,
         ࠧ騬   ᫮.   筨  뢠  
         -ࠧ,     ᫮ 祭.  
         ᯮ   奬,      ᥩ  .  㤭
         ᪠      -  㤥 짮 ᠬ
         ⮩.  ᫨    ᮡࠥ       孨᪮
         ன  ࠬ,  室   奬.
              ᫨      ᥬ  ⮢  ࠧ  ⠪,
         ⮡   "訩  騩",    ᫥  "訩
         騩"  ,    㤥 ஭㬥஢  ࢮ 
         쬮.  ᫥⥫쭮      "
         浪".    ᯮᮡ    㤥  ᯮ짮
           ⮩. ⮪  砥   ⮬,  
               ᫮ 祭. 㣨  ⮤
         易  ᫮ "ᮬ"  .    ஬  ⮤
           㬥  ࠢ  ,  稭  .  ᯮᮡ
           "  ⥯"          ᮮ⢥
         ⥯  .  ᯮᮡ   ࠭ 
         孨᪮ .    ᫥  ⮤,    
           "  祭",  砥      祭,
         ࠢ   ⥯, ᮮ⢥饩 ⮬ .
               ਢ ⠡,  뢠      ᯮᮡ
         :

               浪   ⥯   祭  
         ____________________________________________________________

                  1-        7          128     10000000
                  2-        6          64      01000000
                  3-        5          32      00100000
                  4-        4          16      00010000
                  5-        3          8       00001000
                  6-        2          4       00000100
                  7-        1          2       00000010
                  8-        0          1       00000001

         ____________________________________________________________

                㦥  㯮,    㤥  㬥஢ 
         ᫥ ࠢ,  浪. ⠫    ᯮᮡ,  ᮡ
         㬥   "   ⥯",          ࠧ筮
         . 㬥 " 祭"  㤮      ,
           室  易  ᫮  祭      
         ⠬. ਬ,  ணࠬ   ⠭  1-    8-
         ,  ᢮  祭 128+1.    ᯮᮡ
         㬥樨 ⮢   ७   8-⮢    
         16-⮢   ᫮,     ⠪        
         孨᪮ .

              ਫ 1.1      ணࠬ   㠫樨   
         ᨬ  ࠭ ᯫ (ᨪ).


         1000  REM ⨭ 1.1 -- ணࠬ  ⮡ࠦ 
         1010  REM ᨬ ࠭. () ᪮ ࠢ 1983,
         1020  REM  ⮭
         1030  GOSUB 2000 '
         1040  GOSUB 3000 '     
         1050  GOSUB 2000 '  
         1060  GOSUB 4000 '  
         1070  GOSUB 5000 '  
         1080  GOSUB 6000 '     
         2000  REM ணࠬ 뢮 
         2010  KEY OFF : CLS : WIDTH 80
         2020  REM
         2030  PRINT "   ணࠬ   "ᮭ "
         2040  PRINT "    "IBM".() ᪮ ࠢ 1983"
         2050  PRINT "    ⮭"
         2060  PRINT
         2070  PRINT "ணࠬ 1-1:   ᨬ ࠭"
         2999  RETURN
         3000  REM ணࠬ ஢ન ⨯ ᯫ
         3010  PRINT
         3020  PRINT "० 祬 த ࠡ ᮮ,"
         3025  PRINT "ᯫ 梥⭮-᪨?";
         3030  GOTO 3060
         3040  PRINT
         3050  PRINT "(⢥   )";
         3060  ANSWER$ = INKEY$
         3070  IF LEN(ANSWER$) < 1 THEN 3060
         3080  IF LEN(ANSWER$) > 1 THEN 3040
         3090  SEGVAL! = 0
         3100  IF MID$(ANSWER$,1,1) = "Y" THEN SEGVAL! = &HB800 '⭮
         3110  IF MID$(ANSWER$,1,1) = "y" THEN SEGVAL! = &HB800 '⭮
         3120  IF MID$(ANSWER$,1,1) = "N" THEN SEGVAL! = &HB000 '.
         3130  IF MID$(ANSWER$,1,1) = "n" THEN SEGVAL! = &HB000 '.
         3140  IF SEGVAL! = 0 THEN 3040
         3150  DEF SEG = SEGVAL!
         3999  RETURN
         4000  REM  ணࠬ  ନ஢ ᮯ஢⥫
         4005  REM  ᮮ饭
         4010  FOR HEX.DIGIT% = 0 TO 15
         4020     LOCATE 6,HEX.DIGIT% * 3 + 1
         4030     PRINT HEX$(HEX.DIGIT%)
         4040     LOCATE HEX.DIGIT% + 8,8
         4050     PRINT HEX$(HEX.DIGIT%)
         4060  NEXT HEX.DIGIT%
         4070  LOCATE  ,,0
         4999  RETURN
         5000  REM  ணࠬ ஬஢ ᨢ ࠭
         5010  FOR ROW% = 0 TO 15
         5020   FOR COL% = 0 TO 15
         5030    POKE(ROW% + 7) * 160 + COL%*6 + 26, COL% + ROW% * 16
         5040   NEXT COL%
         5050  NEXT ROW%
         5999  RETURN
         6000  LOCATE 25,1,1
         6010  PRINT "      ..."
         6020  IF LEN(INKEY$) = 0 THEN 6020 '  
         6030  CLS
         6999  SYSTEM
         9999  REM  ⨭ ணࠬ 1-1