 5   ࣠ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

࣠  ।⠢ ᮡ  堭,
騩 樮 ⥬ ᮧ  믮
ணࠬ 饭 ।. ਬ,  ६
믮 ᪮쪨 ணࠬ      
ᨬ ᭮ ࠭⢮.  ࠧ ᥬ ⨬
ணࠬ   ⮣  ᭮ ࠭⢠  
  뫠  믮 ᫮  騥 
୮ ६ ஢ન, ⮡  ﭨ  㣨
ணࠬ.

࣠  ⮨  ᥣ樨  窨 ࠭.
 㦨  ⮣, ⮡   ணࠬ
᪮쪮 ᨬ, 饭  ࠭. 窠
࠭ ᯮ  প ।,  ன 訥
 ࠭⢠    让 
⨢   ன ᪮ . ࠡ稪
⥬  ᯮ짮    堭, ⠪   
.  ६ 믮 ᪮쪨 ணࠬ  
ணࠬ  ﭨ   㣨 ணࠬ  ᯮ짮
 堭.

    ஢ 
 ,    8-⮢ ,
 ᮪ ஢ ,  ᯮ짮
࠭樨 ᮢ  . ।⢠ ࣠樨 
ࠡ  栬,  뢠 ᥣ⠬. 
ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨬ, 饭 ᭮
࠭⢮.   ᥣ⠬ ࠢ 묨,  
ᠭ  ࠧ, ஢ ਢ஢,  㦥
 㯠  , ⨯ 뫮  , ਬ  ⮬
ᥣ (롮ઠ , 饭  祭  ⥪,
 ⥭,    ..),  ⠪ 
⢨  .

 㦨  ࠢ 㯮  ,  
 宦 訡  ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ   襭
 筮 த.  ⠪ ᯮ 
饭  ꥪ 㫥 . 堭
ᥣ樨  㦭 ᮧ , ᨬ 
樨  , ᪮  뫪   
믮 ⭮⥫쭮    ᥣ 
ᥣ  .    ᯮ짮 
ᮧ -१ ணࠬ 㫥,  
䨪஢  (䨪஢  ⮬ ᫥,   
  ) ।⠢ ᮡ ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮
  ᥣ.  ணࠬ ⥬ 
 㫨   ࠧ 䨧᪨ , ᪮
堭 ᥣ樨   砥  ࠢ쭮
ࠢ  뫪  .

 砥 ⮩ ⥪    ⭮ 
  ⮬  ᭮ ࠭.   ,
ᯮ㥬 8-⮢묨 யࠬ, ⠪  8080, 
᪨  䨧᪨  ᮢ.  i486 
 ᯮ짮   ࠧ ।⢮ ⮡ࠦ
 ᥣ⮢    ⮬  ᭮ ࠭⢥ 
饭 窨 ࠭ .   
  樨  ࠧࠡ⮪  32-ࠧ來
設    ⥪ । ⮩ 設.

ਪ ணࠬ ⠪ 筮  ᯮ짮 堭
ᥣ樨.  稭 ⪠ ணࠬ ᯥ祭
⮨  ⮬,  ⥪   ""  
    ணࠬ.  ⮣, ⮡
। ⠪ த 訡,  ᯮ짮
孨 ᥣ樨. ⥪    㣮 ᭮
࠭⢮,  ,  室  ᥣ  ᥣ
.  ⥪ ᥣ  ⭮   ⥪
ᥣ, ⮣    ᥣ  ⭮ 
, । ᥣ . ⥪ ᥣ 㤥
 ᨬ ࠧ, ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⠭
 ᯥ祭.  ⪠ 㢥 ࠧ ⥪ 
⠭ 祭 ਢ   ᪫祭.

 ணࠬ ⥬  ᯮ짮  ।⢠,
।⠢塞 ᥣ樥. ਬ, ⥬,  ன
ணࠬ ࠧ   ० ॠ쭮 ६, 
  祭 筮 ࠢ 㯮  ⨬ .
 ணࠬ   ୮ 㯠  , ⠪
訡 ਢ  ஢ ᪫祭.   㦨
 ᯮ⥫쭮 ⫠筮 ।⢮  ࠧࠡ⪥
ணࠬ,  ⠪  ᯮ짮  ᪠
⠭⥫ 楤  訡  ⥬,
।祭  筮 짮⥫.

⭮ ᯥ祭 ᥣ樨 ࠭᫨ ᥣ஢
(᪨)    뢭, ᥣ஢
᭮ ࠭⢠,  뢠  ᮬ.
᫨ ࠧ襭 窠 ࠭,  ⭮ ᯥ祭
窨 ࠭᫨    䨧᪨ . ᫨
窠 ࠭  ࠧ襭,   ⢥ 䨧᪮ 
ᯮ ࠧ  . ᪨   
室    設.

窠 ࠭ ।⠢ ᮡ 堭,  㦨 
஢ 讣 ᥣ஢ ᭮
࠭⢠    ࠣ஢ ᭮
࠭⢠  ண ꥬ ᪮ . 窠
࠭ ᯥ稢   ࠬ , ॢ騬 
ࠧ 㯭 ࠭⢮ ⨢ , 
⮬,   ⠪  ন  ⨢ , 
 -  ᪥.

窠 믮   ࠧ஬  4,  
뢠 ࠭栬.  ணࠬ ⠥  
࠭,     室  ᪥,  ணࠬ
ந室 ᯥ樠쭮 뢠.  ⫨稥  
᪫祭  뢠, ᪫祭, 㥬 
࠭᫨஢ , ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
  祭, 騥  믮 ,
맢襩  ᪫祭.  ᯥ樠 ⢨ 
 १᪠ .   樮 ⥬
 ࠭  ᪠,  ⮡ࠦ  ᮢ
 䨧᪨    ࠭  १
ணࠬ.   ஧祭  ணࠬ.

᫨ 樮 ⥬   ⠭  31
ॣ CR0 ( PG), 堭 窨 ࠭  
㤥 ࠧ襭.     ६
  䨧᪨ ᠬ.      ,
 ࠧࠡ⪠,  뫠 ᤥ  16-ࠧ來
,   ᯮ짮 32-ࠧ來
. 樮 ⥬, ᠭ  16-ࠧ來
,  ᯮ 堭 窨 ࠭, ᪮
ࠧ  ᭮ ࠭⢠ ⮫쪮  (64), 
ࠧ  䥪⨢  堭 ᢮ 
⨢   ᪮ 楫 ᥣ⮢,  ⤥
࠭ .

窠 ࠭   ࠧ襭  樮 ⥬,
  ন 㠫   窮
࠭  ॡ, ਬ UNIX. 窠 ࠭ ஧筠
 ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮬ 樮
⥬,   ন ਪ ணࠬ,
ᠭ  16-⮢ ஢,  믮 
ணࠬ  ࠧ襭 窮 ࠭.  ⫨稥 
窨, ᥣ  ஧筠  ਪ ணࠬ.
ணࠬ, ᯮ騥 ᥣ,  믮  ⥬
ᥣ⠬,  뫨 祭  ᯮ짮 
ࠧࠡ⪥  ணࠬ.

5.1  롮  ᥣ樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

롮  ᥣ樨  믮  ᭮ ॡ
  த⢨. ਬ, ⥬,  
᪮쪨 ணࠬ, ࠧ   ० ॠ쭮
६, 㤥  訥 ࠪ⨪ த⢨ 
롮 ,  ⭮ ஫ 뫪  .
 ᥣ⭠  .

 ⢥ 㣮 ࠩ, ᬮਬ ⥬,  ᥣ
  믮塞 ணࠬ - ⠪ ⥬ 
 ᨬ 먣  砥 ᥣ஢
"᪮"  . ⢨  ணࠬ "쭨"
㪠⥫  䨪ᮢ ८। ᥣ 㬥蠥 ࠧ
  㢥稢  த⢨.  ॥ 믮
⥪ ફ祭, ᪮  室 ࠭ 
⠭ ᮤন ᥣ ॣ஢.

 २⢠  ᯮ짮 ᥣ樨 ⠪
ᯥ稢   窨 ࠭. ਬ, ࠧ
  믮   ⮡ࠦ    
࠭   ᭮ ࠭⢮  ணࠬ.

5.1.1  ᪠ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ⮩   ᪠ .  ⮬ 砥 
ᥣ ⮡ࠦ   䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢮.
饭 ᥣ  ⭮    ,  
 .    襩 ⥯ ᪫砥
堭 ᥣ樨  ⥪,   ࠧࠡ稪
⥬, ⠪  ਪ ணࠬ.   롨ࠥ
 ணࠬ । ⨯ UNIX,  ন 
࠭,   ন ᥣ.

 । ਯ஬ ᥣ.  ᪮ 
 ᮧ   ਯ,   뫮 
,  㣮  뫮  .  ਯ 
 祭  . 直 ࠧ  㯥 
 ᮤন   ᥣ ॣ஢ ᯮ
 롮 ਯ ᥣ. ਯ ᥣ ᮤন
  ᥣ   ࠭,  ⠪ ଠ,
ࠢ 㯮 (. 㭮 5-1).

            ਯ         ᪠
ॣ              ᥣ⮢           

-----------                               --------------------4
|   CS    |----                           |  (EPROM)     |
-----------    |                          |------------------|
-----------    |                          |                  |
|   SS    |--  |      ----------------    |                  |
-----------  |  -->   ||࠭|    |                  |
-----------   ---->   ----------------    |                  |
|   DS    |------->   |  |    |                  |
-----------     -->   ----------------    |                  |
-----------    |                     |    |------------------|
|   ES    |----                      |    |.(DRAM) |
-----------                           --> -------------------- 0

                  㭮 5-1  ᪠ 


 設 䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢠ 筮 頥
, ᪮쪮  稭 믮  
0FFFFFFF0H. ⨢  室   
᭮ ࠭⢠, ᪮ 砫  
ᥣ  DS ᫥ 樠樨  ⥬
⠭  0.

 ᪮   ਯ   , ࠢ
0,  ࠭ ᥣ 4 . ⠭ ࠭ ᥣ 
祭 4  堭 ᥣ樨 ।頥
 ᪫祭  뫮  , 室  ࠭
ᥣ. ᪫祭  ⥬   ஢
堭 窨 ࠭   ᥣ樨,   
  ᪫祭   .

5.1.2  饭 ᪠ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

饭 ᪠  筠 ᪮ , 
᪫祭 ⮣,  ࠭ ᥣ⮢ ⠭ ࠢ묨
⠪  ᮢ,  ᮮ⢥ 䠪᪨
 ⨢ . 饥 ᪫祭 
   ⪥ 㯠  饩 .
   ᯮ짮  ⥬,  饭
堭 窨 ࠭, ᪮  ᯥ稢
 ஢ ⭮    ⨯
ணࠬ 訡.

 ⮩  ⭮ ᯥ祭 ᥣ樨 ।頥
饭 ணࠬ  騬 ᠬ . ᫥⢨
 砥 ࠧ襭 㯠  ⠪ ᠬ   
⭮ ᯥ祭. ਬ, ᫨   稫
ᨣ READY# (ᨣ ஢  襭 横 設),
 横 設   襭,  ந ⠭
믮 ணࠬ.

  ணࠬ    ⪨ 㯠  ⠪
ᠬ , ⠪ ⪨     
᫥⢨ ணࠬ 訡.  ⭮ ஫ ᮢ
⠪ 訡   ᫥⢨  ⠭ ࠡ
ணࠬ.  砥  ⭮ ஫ ணࠬ ᡮ
⠪ த ࠡ뢠 ⠭ ࠧ.  
뤠 ᪮ ᮮ饭  ᤥ ⪠ 
⠭⥫ 楤.

ਬ 饭 ᪮    㭪 5-2. 
ਯ ᥣ⮢ ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡
ࠦ ⮫쪮 䨧᪨ 騥  . 
  ᥣ  ࠧ  䨧᪮  ⨯ EPROM
()  DRAM (⨢ ). ࠭  ᥣ
  樮쭮 ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ 
ࠧ襭    DRAM. ࠭ ᥣ  
 ⠭ ࠢ 㬬 ࠧ஢ EPROM  DRAM. 
ᯮ짮 /뢮, ࠢ塞 , ⨬
 ᥣ   殬  ⨢ .


     ਯ        ᪠    ᪨
ॣ       ᥣ⮢                  ᬥ饭

------        ----------------    -------- 4  --------
| CS |------> ||࠭|    |EPROM |      |      |
------        ------------------->|------|      |------|
------        |  |  / |      |      ||
| ES |----    ---------------- |  |------|      | I/O  |
------    |                    |  ||      |------|
------    |                    |  | I/O  |      |      |
| SS |--  |   ----------------/   |------|      | DRAM |
------  |  -> ||࠭|    |      |      |      |
------   ---> ----------------    |      |      |------|
| DS |------> |  |    |DRAM  |      |EPROM |
------        ----------------    --------  0   --------

             㭮 5-2. 饭 ᪠ 


5.1.3  ᥣ⭠ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ᫮  ᥣ⭠ .  
砥 ᯮ  ।⢠, ।⠢塞 堭
ᥣ樨.  ணࠬ  ᮡ⢥ ⠡
ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᥣ.  ᥣ
  㯠  ᪫⥫쭮 ᯮ殮 ணࠬ.
  ࠧ 㣨 묨 ணࠬ. 
 ணࠬ  묨 ᥣ⠬  ࠢ
㠫쭮.

  ᯮ짮   ⮢  
ᥣ⮢.  ᥣ,   ᥫ ᥣ
㦥  ᥣ ॣ.   ⠫ ᥣ⠬
믮   㧪 ᮮ⢥ ᥫ஢
ᥣ  ᥣ ॣ (. 㭮 5-3).

 ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ ⤥쭮 ᭮
࠭⢮.     ᯮ  ᬥ 
䨧᪮ , 堭 ᥣ樨 ।頥  
ᮤন  ᥣ⮬ ।⢮ 室  ࠭
㣮 ᥣ  ⥭. ⪠ 樨   殬
ᥣ   樨 ᪫祭 饩 .

堭 ᥣ樨 ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⠭ 
,   ਯ ᥣ. ⢥⢥ 
।  ᥣ ⤥쭮 ᭮ 
  樮 ⥬.  ⢮ 樨,
 ⥫쭮  ᥣ, ࠧ騥    
 . ਬ, ⥬    , 
, ࠭  .  㯥    롮ન 
  ᯮ짮 ਯ  ᥣ. 
㯥    롮ન 㤠    ᯮ짮
ਯ ᥣ .

        ਯ                       ᪠
ॣ          ᥣ⮢                         

----------        ----------------                  -------------
|   CS   |------> ||࠭|                  |           |
----------        ------------------------          |           |
                  |  |        |         |           |
                  ----------------        |         |           |
                                          |         |           |
----------        ----------------        |         |           |
|   SS   |------> ||࠭|        |         |           |
----------        --------------------------------- |           |
                  |  |        |        \|           |
                  ----------------        |         |-----------|
                                          |         |           |
----------        ----------------        |         |           |
|   DS   |------> ||࠭|         \        |           |
----------        -----------------------   \       |           |
                  |  |        \  \      |           |
                  ----------------         \  \     |           |
                                            \  \    |           |
----------        ----------------           \  \   |           |
|   ES   |------> ||࠭|            \  \  |           |
----------        --------------------------   \  \ |           |
                  |  |          |   \  \|           |
                  ----------------          |    \  |-----------|
                                            |     \ |           |
----------        ----------------          |      \|           |
|   FS   |------> ||࠭|          |       |-----------|
----------        ------------------------------    |           |
                  |  |          |   \   |           |
                  ----------------          |    \  |           |
                                            |     \ |           |
----------        ----------------          |      \|           |
|   GS   |------> ||࠭|          |       |-----------|
----------        ---------------------     |       |           |
                  |  |     \     \      |           |
                  ----------------      \     \     |           |
                                         \     \    |           |
                  ----------------        \     \   |           |
                  ||࠭|         \     \  |           |
                  --------------------      \     \ |           |
                  |  |   |       \     \|           |
                  ----------------   |        \     |-----------|
                                     |         \    |           |
                  ----------------   |    ------\---|-----------|
                  ||࠭|   |   |       \  |           |
                  ------------------------        \ |           |
                  |  |   |             \|           |
                  ----------------   --------       |-----------|
                                             \      |           |
                  ----------------        ----------|-----------|
                  ||࠭|       |     \    |           |
                  ------------------------      \   |           |
                  |  |               \  |           |
                  ----------------                \ |           |
                                                   \|           |
                  ----------------                  |-----------|
                  ||࠭|                  |           |
                  --------------------------------  |           |
                  |  |                 \|           |
                  ----------------                  -------------

              㭮 5-3.  ᥣ⭠ 


5.2  ८ࠧ ᥣ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

᪨  ⮨  16-⮢ ᥫ ᥣ  32-
⮢ ᬥ饭  ⮬ ᥣ. ᪨ 
࠭᫨    ᫮ ᬥ饭  
 ᥣ.     ਯ ᥣ -
   ,  ᮤন ଠ  ࠧ
 ᯮ  ᥣ  ,  ⠪ ଠ 
ࠢ 㯠. ਯ ᥣ     
⠡, ⠡  ਯ஢ (GDT)  ⠡
 ਯ஢ (LDT).   ணࠬ  ⥬
  ⠡ GDT,  ⠪   ⠡ LDT 
 ⤥쭮 믮塞  ⥪騩  ணࠬ. ᫨
 樮 ⥬,  ࠧ ணࠬ 
ࠧ     LDT. ⥬   ࣠
  ⠡ LDT;  ⮬ 砥  ணࠬ 
ᯮ짮 GDT.

 ᪨  易  ᢮ ᥣ⮬ ( ᫨
⥬ ⮡ࠦ  ᥣ    ⮬  
᭮ ࠭⢮).  ணࠬ   
ᥣ⮢,   ᯮ짮 㯭 ⮫쪮 
 .   ᥣ⮢, ᥫ  㦥 
.  ᥣ ᮤন ଠ, ᯮ㥬
 ࠭᫨஢ ᪮   ᮮ⢥騩 
.

   뫪   (࠭ ,
࠭ ⥪  ࠭⢠ )  
 ⤥ ᥣ ॣ.  ᮤঠ ᥫ
⥪ ᯮ㥬 ᥬ⮢.   㣨 ᥣ⠬ ॡ
㧪 ᥣ⭮ ॣ   ࠧ 
MOV. ६   㯭   ᥣ⮢
,   㬬  ⠫묨 ⠢  ᥣ
ॣ஢.

 㧪 ᥫ ᥣ ⠪ ந室 㧪 
ᥣ ॣ  , ࠭ ᥣ 
ଠ樨, ࠢ饩 㯮. ᫥ ⮣  㦥 
頥  ⠡栬 ਯ஢   ,  
ந 㧪 㣮 ᥫ ᥣ. ଠ,
࠭ ஬,   믮 
࠭᫨஢,     譨 横 設.  ⥬,
 ᪮쪮 ஢      ⥬  ⠡栬
ਯ஢, ⢥⢥  १㧪 ᥣ
ॣ஢  䨪樨 ⠡ ਯ஢  
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⥬. ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,  
ந ᯮ짮 ண ਯ ᥣ,
஢  ᥣ ॣ, 㦥 ᫥ 䨪樨 
१⭮   ᨨ.

 ᥣ ᮤন 13-ࠧ來    
ਯ ⠡.  㬭  ᥬ (᫮ ⮢
 ਯ ᥣ)  ᪫뢠  32-⮢ 
ᮬ ਯ୮ ⠡.     ॣ
⠡  ਯ஢ (GDTR),   ॣ ⠡
 ਯ஢ (LDTR).  ॣ ᮤঠ 
 砫 ਯ ⠡.   ᥫ ᥣ
।,  ⠡   ᯮ짮,  
 㭪 5-4.


  ᥣ                          
                                        
--------------------     ਯ஢            ਯ஢
|          |T|     |
|          |I|     |
--------------------
            |                  TI=0                   TI=1
             -------------------------------------------
                                 |                      |
                                \/                     \/
                         -----------------      -----------------
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                -------> -----------------  --> -----------------
               |                            |
               |                            |
               |                            |
               |  -------------             |    -------------
               |  |   |             |    |   |
               |  -------------             |    -------------
               |  | ࠭   |             |    |  ࠭  |
           --------------------         ----------------------
           |      | GDTR    |        | LDTR
           --------------------         ----------------------

     㭮 5-4.  TI 롨ࠥ ⠡ ਯ஢


८ࠧ  ।⠢ ᮡ  , 
  㭪 5-5. ᫨ 窠 ࠭  ᯮ,
  ६   䨧᪨ ᮬ. ᫨ 窠
ᯮ,  䨧᪨  砥  ஬ ஢
८ࠧ . ࠭ ᮢ ᠭ  ࠧ 5.3.


            15                0    31                           0
᪨  --------------------   ------------------------------
       |          |   |        饭            |
            --------------------   ------------------------------
                 |         |                     |
          -------          \/                    |
          |                               |
          |    ਯ஢                      |
          |   --------------                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |------------|                     |
          |   | ਯ |    -----     |
           -->|  ᥣ  |---------->| + |<----
              |------------|      -----
              |            |             |
              --------------             |
                            31           \/          0
                           ---------------------------
                   |⠫|࠭|饭|
                      ---------------------------

            㭮 5-5. ࠭  ᥣ


5.2.1   ॣ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  뫮   易  ᮮ⢥騬 ᥣ
ॣ஬. 뫪  ,   ⥪ 믮 ।⢮
㯠  ᮤন ᮮ⢥ ᥣ ॣ஢. 
६ 믮 ணࠬ     㣨 ᥣ⠬,
 祣 ॡ 㧨 ᥫ 㦭 ᥣ⮢ 
ᥣ ॣ.

 ᥣ ॣ  ""  "" ,
   㯪 5-6.  㧪  
ᥣ ॣ஢ ᯮ ࠧ  MOV,
  㦠 ᠬ ஬.


                
     ------------------------------------------------
     |     |   , ࠭  .. | CS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | SS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | DS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | ES
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | FS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | GS
     ------------------------------------------------

     㭮 5-6.  ॣ



 㧪  ॣ஢ ᯮ  ਪ
ணࠬ, ᠭ   3.   ⨯ ⠪ :

1.  אַ 㧪, ⠪  MOV, POP, LDS, LSS, LSG 
   LFS.     ᥣ ॣࠬ .

2.   㧪, ⠪  ᨨ  CALL  JMP
    쭨 㪠⥫.    ᮤন
   ॣ CS    믮.

 ᯮ짮  ,    ᥣ⭮
ॣ 㦠 ᥫ ᥣ.  , ࠭,
⨯   ଠ    ਯ୮
⠡ ⮬᪨  頥    
ᥣ⭮ ॣ.

᪮ 設⢮  뫠  ᥣ, ᥫ
 㦥 㦥  ᥣ ॣ,  
ਡ ᬥ饭 ᪮    
ᥣ   த⢨.


5.2.2   ᥣ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ᥣ 㪠뢠  ଠ, । ᥣ,
 뢠 ਯ஬ ᥣ.  ணࠬ 
ᯮ짮   ᥣ⮢, ᥫ 
 ᥣ ॣ.  ⠪ 砥 ணࠬ
ᯮ ࠧ  MOV   ᮤন
 ॣ஢ 直 ࠧ,   ॡ   
ᥣ.

 ᥣ  ਯ ᥣ, 
⠡ ਯ஢   㦭 ਯ  ⮩
⠡.  ᥣ  ਪ ணࠬ 
⢥  ६ ⨯ 㪠⥫,  筮 祭
ᥫ஢    ।ࠬ 痢 
騬 稪,   ਪ묨 ணࠬ. ଠ
ᥫ ᥣ   㭪 5-7.

: 롨ࠥ   8192 ਯ஢  ⠡
ਯ஢.  㬭 祭   8 (᫮
⮢  ਯ ᥣ)  ᪫뢠 १  
ᮬ ⠡ ਯ஢ (  ॣ GDTR 
LDTR).

- ⠡ (TI):  ᯮ㥬 ⠡
ਯ஢. ᫨   饭,  롨ࠥ ⠡ GDT;
᫨   ⠭,  롨ࠥ ⥪ ⠡ LDT.

襭 ஢ ਢ஢ (RPL):᫨  
ᮤন ஢ ਢ஢  訬 祭, 祬
ணࠬ (.. ਢ஢ ),  
८। ஢ ਢ஢ ணࠬ. ᫨
ணࠬ ᯮ  ਢ஢ ᥫ ᥣ,
   ந室  訬 ஢
ਢ஢.  ᢮⢮ ᯮ   
襭 ᭮ , ᫨  ਢ஢
ணࠬ ⠥ ᯮ짮  ਢ஢
ணࠬ  㯠  饭 .


     15                         3  2  1 0
     -------------------------------------
     |                            |T|    |
     |                      |I|RPL |
     |                            | |    |
     -------------------------------------

      ⠡ (TI) (0=GDT, 1=LDT)
     襭 ஢ ਢ஢ (RPL)
     (00= ਢ஢, 11=)

                 㭮 5-7.  ᥣ

ਬ, ⥬ ⨫  ࠩ ன 
믮  ᠬ ᮪ ஢ ਢ஢  ⥬,
⮡   㯠  饭 ⥬
।⢠, ⠪  ࠢ騥 ॣ  䥩 
਩묨 ன⢠. ,   
⢮  㣨 饭묨 ।⢠,  
祭 ⠪    ਢ஢ ணࠬ.
᫨ ணࠬ ᨫ   ᪠ ᥪ  
,   ਢ஢ ணࠬ, ਬ
樮 ⥬,  RPL   ᯮ짮 
樨 ᪫祭 饩 , ᫨ ᯮ짮 ᥫ
ᥣ    ஢ ਢ஢. 
᪫祭   ⮣,  ணࠬ, ᯮ
 ᥫ ᥣ,  筮 ᪨ ஢
ਢ஢  믮 ⠪ 樨.

᪮   ⠡ GDT ஬ 
ᯮ, ᥫ, ᮤঠ騩   祭 0 
 ⠡ 0 (.. ᥫ, 㪠뢠騩  
 GDT), ᯮ  ⢥ "⮣ ᥫ".
   ᪫祭,  ᥣ ॣ (
騩 ॣ஬ CS  SS) 㦠  ᥫ஬.
, ᪫祭 , ᫨ ᥣ ॣ,
ᮤঠ騩 ⮩ ᥫ, ᯮ  㯠  .
 ।⢮   ᯮ짮  樠樨
ᯮ㥬 ᥣ ॣ஢.

5.2.3  ਯ ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

ਯ ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ   
,  ᮮ頥  ࠧ  ᯮ 
 ᥣ,  ⠪ ࠢ ଠ  ଠ 
ﭨ ᥣ. ਯ 筮 ᮧ ࠬ,
騪, 稪  樮 ⥬,  
ਪ묨 ணࠬ.  㭪 5-8   
ଠ ਯ. ਯ ⥬ ᥣ 
஡ ᬠਢ   6.  ⨯ ਯ஢
⥬     ଠ⮢.

: । ᯮ ᥣ  । 4 ⭮
䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢠.  ᯮ 
   ,  ࠧ  32-⮢
祭. 祭  ᥣ   ࠢ 
 16 ⠬ ᠬ ,   ணࠬ
ᨬ஢  த⢨, ࠢ  ᢮ । 
 16 ⠬ ᠬ  /.

 ࠭樨: 砥 ⠡஢  ࠭ ⠡
樥⮬ 4096(2**12). ᫨   饭,  ࠭
ᥣ     4 (..  ࠭).
⬥⨬,     ⮢   砥,
᫨ ᯮ ⠡஢,  . ਬ,
࠭ 0  ⠭  ࠭樨  ⨬
ᬥ饭  0  4095. ⬥⨬ ⠪,   樥
 ⮫쪮  祭  ࠭.  
⠥ ࠭㫨஢  ⠬.

ਯ, ᯮ㥬  ᥣ⮢   
ਪ ணࠬ:

               2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31             4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7            0
---------------------------------------------------------------
|               | | | |A|      | | D | |      |               |
| BASE  31:24   |G|D|0|V|      |P| P |S| TYPE |   BASE 23:16  |
|               | | | |L|      | | L | |      |               |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|        15:00     |    ࠭ ᥣ 15:00    |
---------------------------------------------------------------

ਯ, ᯮ㥬  ᯥ樠 ⥬ ᥣ⮢:

               2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31             4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7            0
---------------------------------------------------------------
|               | | | |A|      | | D | |      |               |
| BASE  31:24   |G|D|0|V|      |P| P |S| TYPE |   BASE 23:16  |
|               | | | |L|      | | L | |      |               |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|        15:00     |    ࠭ ᥣ 15:00    |
---------------------------------------------------------------

AVL       㯭  ᯮ짮 ⥬ ணࠬ
          ᯥ祭
BASE        ᥣ
DPL       ஢ ਢ஢ ਯ
S          ਯ
          (0=⥬; 1=ਪ)
G         ࠭
࠭   ࠭ ᥣ
P         ⢨ ᥣ
TYPE       ᥣ
D          樨  㬮砭
          (ᯮ ⮫쪮  ਯ  ᥣ:
           0=16-⮢ ࠧ; 1=32-⮢ ࠧ)

               㭮 5-8  ਯ ᥣ

࠭: । ࠧ ᥣ.  頥 冷
  ࠭ ᥣ,  ᮢ㯭 ࠧ 
20-ࠧ來 祭.   ࠭  
  ᯮᮡ,  ᨬ  ⠭ 
࠭樨:

1. ᫨  ࠭樨 饭,  ࠭  ਭ
   祭  1   1 ,  饭ﬨ  
   .

2. ᫨  ࠭樨 ⠭,  ࠭  ਭ
   祭  4   4 ,  饭ﬨ  4 .

 設⢠ ᥣ⮢ ᪨    祭
ᬥ饭    0  祭 ࠭. 稥 祭
  樨 ᪫祭.   ७ 
   ࠭  ⨢:  
 묨 祭ﬨ ᬥ饭, ஬ 祭  0 
祭 ࠭ (. ᠭ  , ਢ ). 
 ᮧ ᥣ,   㢥祭 祭
 ࠭ ਢ  ।    
 ᭮ ࠭⢠,  孥.  
७  ।祭  ࠭ ⥪, 
ᯮ짮   易⥫쭮. ᫨ ⥪   饭 
ᥣ,   㤥  ᢮ ࠧ,  ⠪
ᥣ⮬    ᥣ .

 S: ।,    ᥣ ⥬ ᥣ⮬,
  ᥣ⮬   . ᫨  S ⠭, 
ᥣ    ᥣ⮬,  ᥣ⮬ .
᫨   饭,  ᥣ  ⥬ ᥣ⮬.

      D:  뢠  ࠭   ᯮ⥫  ᮢ
ᥣ  㬮砭.  ᫨  D ⠭,   ।
० 32-ࠧ來 ࠭  32-ࠧ來 ᯮ⥫  ᮢ.
᫨   饭  । ᯮ짮 16-ࠧ來
࠭  ᮢ.

:  ⮣    ⮣, ⭮ 
 ਯ  ਪ,    ⥬ ᥣ.
⥬ ᥣ  ᪮쪮  ଠ ਯ,
ᬠਢ   6.   ਯ  
⨯ 㯠, ࠧ襭   ᥣ,  ⠪
ࠢ,  ஬  ᥣ  (.  5-1).

             5-1.  ਪ ᥣ⮢

-----------------------------------------------------------------
᫮ | E | W | A |        |             ᠭ
      |   |   |   |ਯ|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   0    0   0   0        쪮 ⥭
   1    0   0   1        쪮 ⥭, 믮 
   2    0   1   0        ⥭/
   3    0   1   1        ⥭/, 믮 
   4    1   0   0        쪮 ⥭, ७ 
   5    1   0   1        쪮 ⥭, ७ ,
                               믮 
   6    1   1   0        ⥭/, ७ 
   7    1   1   1        ⥭/, ७ ,
                               믮 
-----------------------------------------------------------------
᫮ | C | R | A |        |             ᠭ
      |   |   |   |ਯ|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   8    0   0   0           쪮 믮
   9    0   0   1           쪮 믮, 믮 
  10    0   1   0           믮/⥭
  11    0   1   1           /⥭, 믮 
  12    1   0   0           쪮 믮, ଭ
  13    1   0   1           쪮 믮, ଭ,
                               믮 
  14    1   1   0           믮/⮫쪮 ⥭, ଭ
  15    1   1   1           믮/⮫쪮 ⥭, ଭ,
                               믮 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ᥣ⮢      ⨯ 
஢  ਧ ७  (E), ࠧ襭
 (W)  ⮣,   ᥣ  믮  (A). 
 ᥣ⮢     ⨯ 
஢  ਧ ଭ (C), ࠧ襭 ⥭
(R)  믮 㯠 (A).

    ।祭 ⮫쪮  ⥭ 
 ⥭/. 㧪 ॣ SS ᥫ஬ ᥣ 
 㣮 ⨯ ᥣ  ᪫祭 饩 .
᫨ ⥪ ᥣ ॡ   
ࠧ,     祭 ᥣ   ⨯
७ .  ᥣ  ७   
࠭   ⨢. ᫨  㣨 ⨯
ᥣ ⨬묨  祭 ᬥ饭    0
 祭 ࠭ ( ⮣   ᪫祭
饩 ),   ᥣ  ७  祭 
⮬ , ⨢,   樨 ᪫祭.
⨬묨 ᬥ饭ﬨ  ᥣ⮢  ७  
,   ᥣ⮢ 㣨 ⨯ 뢠 ᮡ .
  ७   ᮢ ᬥ饭ﬨ,
訬  ࠢ묨 ࠭ ᥣ. 饭   ᥣ 
७  ᥣ  ॢ 祭 ࠭
ᥣ.   ࠭ ᥣ 뢠
।      ᥣ, 
࠭ ᥣ 㢥稢,   ࠢ 
⥪ ᥣ⮢, ᪮    ࠢ 襣
. ᫨ ⥪ 頥  ᥣ,   
᢮ ࠧ,   ᥣ  易  ᥣ⮬ 
७ .

 ᥣ   ।祭 ⮫쪮  믮,
  믮/⥭.   ⨯ "믮/⥭"
  ᯮ짮, ਬ,      
饭 ⠭.   砥 ⠭  
⠭    , 饩 䨪
८। ᥣ CS,    饭 ᥫ
  ᥣ  ᥣ ॣ  ᥣ
.

 ᥣ    ଭ묨, 
-ଭ묨. 室 믮   ਢ஢
ଭ ᥣ ࠭ ⥪騩 ஢ ਢ஢.
室 믮  -ଭ ᥣ  㣨 ஢
ਢ஢ ਢ  樨 ᪫祭 饩
, ᫨  ᯮ짮   (㦤 ।
⨧筮 .   6). ⥬ ⨫, 
騥  ।⢠ , ⠪  㭪樨
࠭᫨஢  (ਬ, ४஢ EBCDIC/ASCII,
஢ / ஢  ⮤ 䬠, ⥪
⥬᪨ 㭪権),  ⠪  ⨯ ᪫祭
(ਬ, 訡   , ९, 㦥
  INTO  ॢ襭  BOUND)  
㦥  ଭ  ᥣ.

  ⠪ ᮮ頥  ⮬,     ᥣ
믮 .  室 ﭨ ਯ ᥣ⮢
ᮮ  ⮬,    ᥣ . ᫨   ⥬
⠭  祭, 饥,    ᥣ  
믮,  ⠭ 祭, ᫨   ᥣ
ந襫. ⨢  ஢ਢ 訩   , ணࠬ
ᯥ祭  ஫஢ ᯮ짮 ᥣ (訩
   ⠪ 뢠 ⮬ 㯠).

ਬ, ⥬ ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ    
㯠  ᥣ⮢ ਪ ணࠬ.  ᡮ 
ਪ ணࠬ ﭨ  ⮢  
ᯮ짮  樨   ᥣ⮢,  
믮   ਪ ணࠬ.  ⫨稥 
஫ 祪,  ᯥ稢 堭 ⫠
(.  11), ଠ, ।⠢塞 ⨬ ,
⭮   䨧᪨ ᠬ,   ᥣ⠬.

      㯥  ᥣ, 
᫨   ந襫  横 ⥭. ᫨ ⠡
ਯ஢ 뫨 饭  , ⭮ ᯥ祭 
ॡ     設   ६ 横
.   ॡ  ᨣ READY#
  横   ;  ⨢ 砥 
ந 襭 ⮣ 横.  ।⢠ ⭮
樨 室  ᯮ짮 -१ ⠡
ਯ஢  ஬ 386 DX,  ᥣ ⠭
 㯠  㧪 ਯ ᥣ. , 
i486 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨    ⠭. 
⪨   ⠡ ਯ஢   , ⠭
 㯠   ਯ.

DPL (஢ ਢ஢ ਯ): ।
஢ ਢ஢ ᥣ. ᯮ 
ࠢ 㯮  ᥣ   堭 ,
ᠭ   6.

 ⢨ ᥣ: ᫨   饭,   
㧪  ᥣ ॣ ᥫ  ਯ
 ᪫祭 "ᥣ  ".  ᢮⢮
ᯮ  㦥 ⮪ 㯠  ᥣ⠬,
 ⠫ 㯭묨.    㯭,
 ⥬  ᮧ ᢮ . 
⮢ , ⠪  ᨬ   ࠩ
ன,   ,    ⥪騩  
ᯮ, 믮 ⬥ । . ⬥
।  ⠪  믮 ન஢
⠪ ᥣ  " 饣" ( 믮 
 ⪨  ⢨ ᥣ). ᫥ ⮣ ,
  ᥣ⮬,   ।  㣮
ᯮ짮.  ,  ண 뫮 ⬥
। ,   ᫥騩 ࠧ, ᪫祭
"ᥣ  " 㪠  ,  室 ᭮
㧨  ᥣ  . ᫨ ⠪ த ࣠
 믮 ᯮᮡ,    ਪ ணࠬ,
  뢠 "㠫쭮 ". ⥬  ࠡ
 騬 ࠧ஬ 㠫쭮 , ⥫쭮 ॢ騬
䨧 ,  ⮬,  ६  䨧᪮
  ⮫쪮 ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢.

 㭪 5-9  ଠ ਯ,   ⢨
ᥣ 饭.  ⮬ 砥 樮 ⥬  ࠢ
ᯮ짮  , ⬥祭  㯭, 
࠭ ⠬ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ , ਬ, ଠ樨 
 ᥣ.


                          1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     31                   6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7          0
     ---------------------------------------------------
     |                     | | D |D|       |           |
     |   㯭         |0| P |T|    | 㯭 | +4
     |                     | | L | |       |           |
     ---------------------------------------------------
     |                    㯭                    | +0
     ---------------------------------------------------

   㭮 5-9. ਯ ᥣ (  )

5.2.4   ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ
ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢.   ⨯ ⠡ ਯ஢:

     -   ਯ஢ (GDT)
     -   ਯ஢ (LDT)

 ⢥    ⠡ GDT,   
믮塞 , ஬ ⮣,    ⠡ LDT.
 ਯ஢ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ ᥣ
ਯ஢,   㭪 5-10.  ਯ஢
 ६    ᮤঠ  8192 (2**13)
ਯ஢.  ਯ  ⠡ GDT ஬ 
ᯮ.  ᥣ   "⮣
ਯ"  㧪   ᥣ ॣ  
᪫祭,  ᪫祭  直 ࠧ 
⪥ 㯠    ᯮ짮 ⠪ ਯ.
樠 ᥣ ॣ஢ ⠪ ᥫ஬ ᥣ
࠭  ᪫祭  訡 뫪 
ᯮ㥬 ᥣ ॣ.


                              
                          
           ਯ஢            ਯ஢

           -----------------      -----------------
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+38   |               |+38
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+30   |               |+30
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+28   |               |+28
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+20   |               |+20
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+18   |               |+18
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+10   |               |+10
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+8    |               |+8
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |         |      |       |       |
           |ਯ    |      |---------------|
           |GDT            |      |               |
           | ᯮ|+0    |               |+0
           -----------------<---  -----------------<--------
                               |                           |
                        |    -------------   |
           GDTR                |  LDTR     |   |   |
               -------------   |           -------------   |
               | ࠭   |   |           |  ࠭  |   |
        --------------------   |  ----------------------   |
        |      |----  |        |---
        --------------------      ----------------------

     ਬ砭:     ⭠筮 ଠ.

               㭮 5-10.  ਯ஢


5.2.5   ॣ ⠡ ਯ஢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 믮  ⠡  ਯ஢ (GDT)
 ⠡ ਯ஢ 뢠 (IDT) १ ॣ GDTR 
IDTR, ᮮ⢥⢥.  ॣ ᮤঠ 32-⮢ 
 ⠡   ᭮ ࠭⢥.  ⠪
ᮤঠ 16-⮢ 祭 ࠭筮 ࠧ  ⠡. 
㧪  ࠭  ॣ஢  ந室 
 48-⮢ "ᥢ-ਯ",    㭪
5-11.  ᨬ樨 த⢨    ப
 GDT  IDT   ࠢ  ࠭ , ⭮
16 ⠬.

࠭筮 祭 ࠦ  .    ᥣ⮢, 
᪫뢠   ᮬ  祭  ᫥
⨬ .  砥 祭 ࠭ 0  ᥣ
 ⨬ . ᪮ ਯ ᥣ⮢ ᥣ
 ࠧ ᥬ ⮢,  ࠭ ᥣ   
  楫᫥ ந 쬨, (.. 8N-1).
 LGDT  SGDT   뢠 ॣ GDTR; 
LIDT  SIDT   뢠 ॣ IDTR.

 ⠡ ਯ஢ -  쭠 ⠡ (LDT). 
   16-⮢ ᥫ ᥣ,
࠭  ॣ LDTR.  LLDT  SLDT  
뢠 ᥫ ᥣ  ॣ LDTR.  LDTR ⠪
ᮤন    ࠭  LDT,   祭
㦠 ஬ ⮬᪨  ਯ ᥣ
 LDT.  ᨬ樨 த⢨   
ப  LDT   ࠢ  ࠭ ,
⭮ 16 ⠬.

 ⪥ ࠭ ᥢ-ਯ  ० 짮⥫
(஢ ਢ஢ 3)   ᣥ஢ 訡
஫ ࠢ. 筮 ணࠬ  ० 짮⥫ 
믮 ࠭ ᥢ-ਯ஢,  
樨 ⠪ 訡  , ⨢
ᥢ-ਯ   ⭮ ᫮ (..  2 MOD 4).
 ⠢  ࠭ ࠢ ᫮,  
᫥ ࠢ  ᫮.

     47                      16 15               0
     ----------------------------------------------
     |             |    ࠭       |
     ----------------------------------------------
     5                        2 1                0

     冷 ᫥ ⮢  

            㭮 5-11. ଠ ᥢ-ਯ

5.3  ࠭ ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  ।⠢ ᮡ 32-⮢   த,
ᥣ஢ ᭮ ࠭⢥.  ᭮
࠭⢮   訬 䨧᪨ 
࠭⢮ (..  ࠭⢮, 騬  4
 ⨢ ),   ᯮ짮 ।⢮
窨 ࠭, 饥  ᭮ ࠭⢮ 
 让  ⨢   ண
⢠ ᪮ .  ᯮ짮 窨 ࠭
  ࠭᫨  ᮮ⢥騩 䨧᪨ ,
  ᪫祭.  ᪫祭  樮
⥬   ࠭  ᪠ (,
᭨    ࠭),  ⥬ १
, 맢  ᪫祭.

堭 窨 ⫨砥  堭 ᥣ樨 ⥬,  
 砥 ᯮ 訥, 騥 䨪஢
ࠧ ࠭.  ⫨稥  ᥣ⮢,  筮 
ࠧ, ࠢ ࠧ ᮤঠ    ,
࠭  i486 ᥣ  ࠧ 4. ᫨
ᥣ  ⢥ ᯮ㥬 ମ ࠭樨
,  , 室  䨧᪮ , 㤥
    ᢮  ६. 
ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭   
筮 室  ⨢ ,  筮  ᪮
.

ଠ, ᯥ稢 ⮡ࠦ  ᮢ 
䨧᪨   ⢥   ᪫祭  砥
ᮮ⢥⢨, ࠭    ⨢ ,
 뢠 ⠡栬 ࠭.    砥
ᥣ樨,  ଠ   ॣ  
⥬, ⮡ ஢ ᫮ 横 設, ॡ㥬 
࠭樨 .  ⫨稥  堭 ᥣ樨, 
ॣ     ਪ ணࠬ.
( 楫 ஢  ॣ  ணࠬ,
믮塞  ᨬ ஢ ਢ஢:
஡ .   10).

寭 窨 ࠭ ᬠਢ 32-ࠧ來 
  騩   ⥩,    10-ࠧ來
ᮢ ࠭ ⠡  12-來 ᬥ饭  ⠡,
㥬 ࠭묨 ⠡栬. ᪮  㠫
࠭   ᭮ ࠭⢥, ⠪  䨧᪨
࠭  ࠢ  4⭮ ࠭ ࠭,
஢ 訥 12 ⮢   室.  12
⮢  । ⭮ ᯥ祭, ࠡ饬 
窮 ࠭, ᨬ  ⮣, ࠧ襭  窠 
⥪騩 ,  饭. ⬥⨬,   ⮬ ⮨
⫨稥  ᥣ樨, ᪮ ᥣ  稭 
  .

訥 20 ⮢  ᯮ  樨 ࠭
⠡. ᫨  ࠭  ᭮ ࠭⢠
⮡ࠦ    ⠡ ࠭  ⨢ , 
 ⮣ ॡ  4 .    ⠪. 
  ᯮ ࠭ ⠡  ஢.
࠭筠 ⠡ 孥 ஢ 뢠 ࠭
⠫.   ⮡ࠦ 訥 10 ⮢  
⠡ ࠭ ண ஢.  ஬ ஢ ࠭
⠡ ⮡ࠦ । 10 ⮢  , 饣
  ࠭  䨧᪮  ( 뢠
ᮬ ࠭筮 ).

  ᮤন ⠡ ࠭  ⠫ ࠭ 
஢ ᪫祭.   樮 ⥬
   ⠡ ࠭  ᪠.
 ⮬,  ࠭ ⠡ ண ஢ 
室  ᪥, 堭 窨 ࠭ 
ন ⮡ࠦ ᥣ  ᭮ ࠭⢠
  ᥣ ᪮쪨 ࠭ .

 CR3 ᮤন  ࠭筮  ⠫ ࠭.
⮬  뢠  ॣ஬ ⠫ ࠭, 
PDBR. 訥 10 ⮢   㬭  ⠡
樥  (᫮ ⮢   ⠡
࠭)  ᪫뢠  祭 ॣ PDBR  祭
䨧᪮    ⠫ ࠭. ᪮ 
࠭筮  ᥣ  묨 訥 12 , 
⠪ ᫮ 믮 ⮤ ⥭樨 (饭
 12 ⮢ ⠡஢ ᮬ).

 㯥   ⠫ ࠭ 믮 ᪮쪮
஢ப: ᪫祭  ஢, ᫨ ࠭
饭    . ᫨ ᮡ  
஢,  訥 20 ⮢  ⠡ ࠭
ᯮ  ⢥  ࠭筮  ⠡ ࠭
ண ஢. । 10 ⮢   ⠡
樥⮬  (᭮  ᫮ ࠢ ࠧ 
⠡ ࠭)  ⥭  ᮬ ࠭筮 
 祭 䨧᪮    ⠡ ࠭
ண ஢.

 , 믮 ஢ન 㯠,  १ 
  ᪫祭. ᫨  ᪫祭  ,
 訥 20 ⮢  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢
⥭  訬 12 ⠬  , ࠧ
䨧᪨  ࠭ ()  ⨢ .

 ⠪     ᫮, 
୮ ६   .   
⮢ ⠡ ࠭,  뢠 樠⨢
஬ ࠭樨  (TBL). TBL 㤮⢮ 設⢮
ᮢ ⥭ ࠭ ⠡. ⥫ 横 設
稢 ⮫쪮  㯥   ࠭栬 .
 ࠭ (4) 筮 , ⮬  ࠢ 
᫮ 横 設, 稢  믮  
饭  , ᫮ 横  㯠  ⠡栬 ࠭
⭮⥫쭮 . ६  ⨬ ࠧ ࠭
筮 , ⮡  ᯮ짮  䥪⨢.
(ᨬ  䠪᪮ 稭  , 
    ࠭ ).

5.3.1   ࠧ襭 窨 ࠭ PG
-----------------------------------------------------------------

᫨ 窠 ࠭ ࠧ襭, ᯮ ன ⠯
࠭樨 , 騩 䨧᪨   .
᫨ 窠 ࠭ 饭,    ᮢ 
ᯮ  䨧᪨ .

窠 ࠭ ࠧ襭, ᫨ ⠭  31 ( PG)
ॣ CR0.   筮 ⠭ 樮
⥬  ६ ணࠬ 樠樨.  PG  
⠭, ᫨  樮 ⥬  믮 
 ணࠬ  㠫쭮 ० 8086,  
ᯮ짮 㠫쭮   窮 ࠭ 
ॡ.

5.3.2   
-----------------------------------------------------------------

ଠ     㭪 5-12.


         31             22 21         12 11           0
        -----------------------------------------------
        |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |
        -----------------------------------------------

             㭮 5-12. ଠ  


                                                       ࠭
     -----------------------------------------------      
     |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |  -----------
     -----------------------------------------------  |         |
           |               |               |          |         |
           |               |               |          | ࠭ |
  ---------                |                --------->|         |
 |     ⠫ ࠭     |     ࠭       |         |
 |     -----------------   |    ------------------    -----------
 |     |               |   |    |                |
 |     |---------------|   |    |----------------|
 ----->| ⠡|   ---->| ⠫|
       |     ࠭   |---     |     ࠭    |
       |---------------|  |     |----------------|
       |               |  |     |                |
       |               |  |     |                |
       -----------------  |     ------------------
               ^          |              ^
               |          |              |
     -------   |          ----------------
CR3  |     |---
     -------

          㭮 5-13. ࠭ ࠭筮 

 㭪 5-13 ,  ࠧ  ࠭᫨
   ⠫,   饭  䨧᪨
  ᯮ짮  ஢ ࠭ ⠡. 堭
窨 ࠭ ᯮ  ⠫  ⢥ 
⠫ ࠭,    ⢥  ⠡
࠭, ।塞  ⠫ ࠭,   饭 
樨 ࠭  ࠭,   ⠡ ࠭.

5.3.3  ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ࠭ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ, 騩 
32-ࠧ來 ⮢.  ࠭ ᠬ  ࠭楩
 ᮤন 4096 ⮢ ,  ᨬ 1 32-ࠧ來
⮢.  ࠭,  ⠫ ࠭  ⠡
࠭, ஢  ࠭ 4.

 樨 ࠭  ᯮ  ஢ ⠡.
訩 ஢ 뢠 ⠫ ࠭.    1
࠭ ⠡ ண ஢.  ࠭ ண ஢
  1 ࠭  䨧᪮ .  ࠧ, 
⠡, 㥬  ⠫ ࠭,  ᮢ 
1  2**20 ࠭. ᪮  ࠭ ᮤন 4, 
2**12 ⮢, ⠡  ⠫ ࠭ 뢠 
 ᭮ ࠭⢮  i486 (2**20 x 2**12 =
2 **32).

᪨  ⥪饣 ࠭筮 ⠫ ࠭ 
ॣ CR3,  ⠪ 뢠  ॣ஬
⠫ ࠭ (PDBR). ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨
  樨 ᯮ짮  ⠫ ࠭ 
 ,  ⠫ ࠭   , 
ன 樨   権.   10 ਢ
ଠ  樠樨 ॣ CR3.  ⮬,  ᮤন
CR3     , .   7.

5.3.4   ⠡ ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ࠭ ⠡  ஢  
ଠ.  ଠ   㭪 5-14.

5.3.4.1   ࠭筮 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ࠭筮    ᮬ ࠭. 
 ࠭筮 ⠡ 訥 20 ⮢ ᯮ 
  ࠭筮 ,  訥 12 ⮢ 
ࠢ騥    ﭨ   ࠭. 
⠫ ࠭  ࠭筮  ।⠢ ᮡ
 ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢.  ⠡ ࠭ ண
஢  ࠭筮  -   ࠭, 
ᮤন   .

5.3.4.2   ⢨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ⢨ 㪠뢠  , ⮡ࠦ  
࠭筮   ⠡ ࠭ ࠭楩  䨧᪮
. ᫨   ⠭,  ࠭ 室 
.

᫨  ⢨ 饭,  ࠭  室  ,
 ⠫쭠    ⠡ ࠭ 㯭 
ᯮ짮 樮 ⥬, ਬ,  ࠭
ଠ樨  ⮬,  室   ࠭. 
㭪 5-15  ଠ  ⠡ ࠭,  
⢨ 饭.


     31                           12 11                    0
    ---------------------------------------------------------
    |                               |     |   | | |P|P|U|R| |
    | ࠭筮  31..12 |AVAIL|0 0|D|A|C|W|/|/|P|
    |                               |     |   | | |D|T|S|W| |
    ---------------------------------------------------------

    P        - ⢨
    R/W      - ⥭/ 
    U/S      - 짮⥫/㯥ࢨ
    PWT      -  ࠭ ஧筠
    PCD      - ஢  ஢ ࠭ 饭
    A        -  ந襫
    D        - "吝"
    AVAIL    - 㯭  ᯮ짮 ⥬ ணࠬ⮬

    ਬ砭: 0 砥 १ࢨ஢ Intel.  믮
                ।  ⮢.

         㭮 5-14. ଠ  ⠡ ࠭


     31                                1 0
     --------------------------------------
     |        㯭                  |0|
     --------------------------------------

         㭮 5-15.  ଠ  ⠡ ࠭
                  -饩 ⠡

᫨  ⢨   ஢ ⠡ ࠭ 饭,
  ⪠ ᯮ짮   ⠡ 
᭮ ࠭樨,  ந室 ⠪ ᫥⥫쭮
ᮡ⨩:

     1. 樮 ⥬  ࠭  ᪮ 
         䨧 .

     2. 樮 ⥬ 㦠  ࠭筮  
         ⠡ ࠭  ⠭  ⢨.
        稥 , ਬ,  ⥭/, ⠪ 
         ⮬  ⠭.

     3. ᪮   樠⨢ ࠭樨 (TLB) 
          室  ண  ⠡
        ࠭,  樮 ⥬ 頥  .
         TLB  ᯮᮡ  ⪨ ᬠਢ 
        ࠧ 5.3.5.

     4. 믮  ணࠬ, 맢襩 ᪫祭.

᪮ CR3    ⢨,  㪠뢠  
 砨,  ⠫ ࠭  室  ⨢
, ⠫ ࠭,   㪠뢠 CR3, 
室  䨧᪮  ᥣ.

5.3.4.3   㯠  "吝"
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  ᮤঠ   ᯮ짮 ࠭  
஢ ࠭ ⠡.  㯠 ᯮ 
ᮮ饭  㯥  ⥭    ࠭ 
࠭筮 ⠡ ண ஢.  "吝" ᮮ頥 
㯥  ࠭  .

 ᪫祭  "吝"   ⠫ ࠭, 
 ⠭  ᯥ祭;  
 頥     ⮢.  ⠭ 
㯠   ஢ ࠭ ⠡  樨 ⥭
  ࠭.  ⠭  "吝" 
⠡ ࠭ ண ஢, ० 祬 믮 
  , ⮡ࠦ  ⮬ ⠡. 
"吝"   ⠫ ࠭  ।.

樮 ⥬  ᯮ짮  㯠,  
ॡ ᮧ  ᢮  , 뫠
࠭  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢  .
ਮ᪨   㯠  ࠭ ⠡, 
 ।,  ࠭ 뫨 ᯮ짮 ᫥.
 ᯮ㥬 ࠭  ⠬  뫪 
᪮ .

樮 ⥬  ᯮ짮  "吝", 
࠭ 뫠 ⭮  .   "吝" 
뫪 ࠭  ⨢ , 樮 ⥬
 ।, ந襫  -    ⮩
࠭. ᫨   ⮩ ࠭  ᪥   
⨢   뫠  ﬨ , 
 ᮮ⢥   ᪥  ⨢ 
 室.

 ⮬,   i486   㯠  "吝" 
 ⥬, ᠭ   13.

5.3.4.4   ⥭/  짮⥫/㯥ࢨ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ⥭/  짮⥫/㯥ࢨ ᯮ 
 ஢ப ࠭, 믮塞 ஬ ६
 ࠭樥 .  ஡ ଠ   . 
 6.

5.3.4.5   ࠢ 襬 ࠭筮 ஢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 PCD  PWT ᯮ  ࣠樨  ࠭筮
஢. ணࠬ ᯥ祭     ⮢
ࠢ ஢ ⤥ ࠭  ࠭ ⠡
ண ஢.  ஡ ଠ  ஢ . 
 12.

5.3.5  樠⨢  ࠭樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ࠭ ᯮ짮 ᫥  ࠭
⠡  室饬  ⠢ 奬 ,  뢠
஬ 樠⨢ ࠭樨,  TLB.  
窨 ࠭ 믮   ᮤন TLB.  設
 饭  ࠭ ⠡栬 稢 ⮫쪮 
ᯮ짮  ࠭.

TLB   ਪ ணࠬ,    樮
⥬. ⥬ ணࠬ   TLB (᢮
 ᮤন  ⮢ ࠭ ⠡)  
⮢ ࠭ ⠡. ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,  
,  稢訥 ,   訡筮
ᯮ짮  ᭮ ࠭樨.   
࠭,   室  ⨢ ,  ॡ
⪨ TLB, ᪮     
࠭  .

TLB 頥  㧪 ॣ CR3.  CR3  
㦥   ᫥ ᯮᮡ:

     1.  㧪    MOV, ਬ

        MOV CR3,EAX

     2.  㧪   ४⥫ , 
         ᮤন ॣ CR3. ( ஡
        ଠ  ४祭  .   7).

   TBL   饭   
INVLPG.   뢠    ࠧ
⭮ ࠭.

5.4  ꥤ ᥣ⭮  ࠭筮 ࠭樨
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 㭪 5-16  ꥤ 㭪 5-5  5-13,
஥ 㬬  ⠯ ࠭樨  ᪮  
䨧᪮,  ࠧ襭 堭 窨 ࠭. 樨,
।⠢塞  ⠯ ᭮ ࠭樨,  
ᯮ짮  প ࠧ ⨫ ࣠樨 .

5.4.1  ᪠ 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  i486 ᯮ  믮 ணࠬ
ᯥ祭,  ᯮ饣 堭 ᥣ樨, 
 ⥫ 㤠 । ᥣ樨 .
 i486    ०,   
  몫 ।⢠ ᥣ樨,  筮 ⠪ 
䥪   ⨣    ⮡ࠦ 
࠭ ⥪,       ⮬  
 ᮢ. ᯮ㥬   32-ࠧ來
ᬥ饭  뢠   ᭮ ࠭⢮.

 ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭ ᥣ 
⮡ࠦ  ᥬ  ᭮ ࠭⢥. 
६ 믮  祬  ணࠬ 堭
窨 ࠭   ᯮ짮  ⮣, ⮡ 
⤥쭮 ᭮ ࠭⢮  믮塞 ணࠬ.



            15                0    31                           0
᪨  -----------------------------------------------------
       |            |          饭            |
            -----------------------------------------------------
                 |         |                     |
          -------          \/                    |
          |                               |
          |    ਯ஢                      |
          |   --------------                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |------------|                     |
          |   | ਯ |    -----     |
           -->|  ᥣ  |---------->| + |<----
              |------------|      -----
              |            |             |
              --------------             |
                                         |
                              -----------
                             |
                     |
                        \/                       ࠭
     -----------------------------------------------      
     |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |  -----------
     -----------------------------------------------  |         |
           |               |               |          |         |
           |               |               |          | ࠭ |
  ---------                |                --------->|         |
 |     ⠫ ࠭     |     ࠭       |         |
 |     -----------------   |    ------------------    -----------
 |     |               |   |    |                |
 |     |---------------|   |    |----------------|
 ----->| ⠡|   ---->| ⠫|
       |     ࠭   |---     |     ࠭    |
       |---------------|  |     |----------------|
       |               |  |     |                |
       |               |  |     |                |
       -----------------  |     ------------------
               ^          |              ^
               |          |              |
     -------   |          ----------------
CR3  |     |---
     -------

     㭮 5-16. ꥤ  ᥣ⭠    ࠭筠
                       ࠭ 

5.4.2  , 騥 ᪮쪮 ࠭
-----------------------------------------------------------------

⥪  ᪠ ⢮ ᥣ⮢,
ॢ  ࠧ  ࠭ (4). ਬ, 訥
     ࠭. ᫨ 窠
࠭  ᯮ,   㯠    
 ॡ ⢨  䨧᪮  ᥩ 
.  ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭  
易⥫쭮 ⢨ ⮫쪮 ࠭, ᮤঠ饩  
,  ன  ⥪騩  믮 .

5.4.3  ࠭, ᮤঠ騥 ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

  ⠪   ࠧ  ࠭. ᫨ ⠪
ᥣ 㤥 饭  ⤥,  ᮤঠ 㣨
ᥣ⮢ ࠭,  砥 ᯮ  .
ਬ,  饭  ⤥ ࠭ 让 
, ਬ, 饣 1  ᥬ, 㤥
室 4 . ᫨ ᯮ  ⠪
ᥬ஢, ࠧ 䥪⨢ 㤥 㯠   
࠭.

5.4.4  ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

⥪   ⠭ -
ਭ㤨⥫ ᮮ⭮襭  ࠭栬 ࠭  ᥣ⮢.
࠭  ᮤঠ   ᥣ  砫
᫥饣.  ࠧ, ᥣ  ᮤঠ 
 ࠭  砫 ᫥饩.

5.4.5  ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢
-----------------------------------------------------------------

ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨     
䥪⨢  ⠭ ண ਭ㤨⥫쭮
ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢. ਬ, ᫨ ᥣ,
    ।  ࠭, ࠧ饭 
 ࠭,    ⠪ ᥣ ॡ   ࠧ
 ६   ᮤঠ  ࠭.

5.4.6  ࠭筠 ⠡   ᥣ
-----------------------------------------------------------------

⮤ ꥤ 堭 窨 ࠭  ᥣ樨,
騩 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨 ,
砥  ⮬, ⮡   ᥣ ᢮ ࠭
⠡,    㭪 5-17.  ᠬ  ⠫
࠭  ᥣ 㤥 ᮮ⢥⢮  
⠡, ᯥ稢 ଠ  ࠢ 㯮 
窨 ࠭, ᮮ⢥  ᥣ.

                                                      ࠭
                                                        
                                                     ------------
    LDT         ⠫ ࠭    ࠭ -->|          |
-------------    -------------     ------------- |   ------------
|           |    |           |     |           | |
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------| |
|           |    |           |     |    |-    ------------
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------|     |          |
|           |    |           |     |    |---->------------
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------|
|           |    |           |     |    |-
|-----------|    |-----------| --->------------- |   ------------
|ਯ |--->|    |-'                  -->|          |
|-----------|    |-----------|                       ------------
|ਯ |--->|    |-
|-----------|    |-----------| |   -------------
|           |    |           | |   |           |
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|
|           |    |           | |   |           |     ------------
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|     |          |
|           |    |           | |   |    |---->------------
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|
|           |    |           | |   |    |-    ------------
-------------    -------------  -->------------- |   |          |
    LDT         ⠫ ࠭    ࠭ -->------------
                                                      ࠭
                                                         

      㭮 5-17.  ᥣ   ᮡ⢥
                       ࠭ ⠡
